1 00:00:00,750 --> 00:00:03,120 The following content is provided under a Creative 2 00:00:03,120 --> 00:00:04,510 Commons license. 3 00:00:04,510 --> 00:00:06,240 Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare 4 00:00:06,240 --> 00:00:10,810 continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. 5 00:00:10,810 --> 00:00:13,380 To make a donation or to view additional materials 6 00:00:13,380 --> 00:00:17,340 from hundreds of MIT courses, visit MIT OpenCourseWare 7 00:00:17,340 --> 00:00:18,226 at ocw.mit.edu. 8 00:00:21,922 --> 00:00:23,380 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: So now we 9 00:00:23,380 --> 00:00:26,740 resume after our hiatus in the introductory theme, 10 00:00:26,740 --> 00:00:28,240 because of the snow day. 11 00:00:28,240 --> 00:00:31,360 We resume the introductory theme, right? 12 00:00:31,360 --> 00:00:34,510 And this is the second of three introductory lectures. 13 00:00:34,510 --> 00:00:37,710 And today we deal with the modal characteristics and role. 14 00:00:37,710 --> 00:00:40,900 So we talk about the different modes of public transportation 15 00:00:40,900 --> 00:00:44,350 and their characteristics and what role they play. 16 00:00:44,350 --> 00:00:46,600 We're looking at the range of modes and services, 17 00:00:46,600 --> 00:00:48,040 the descriptions of each mode. 18 00:00:48,040 --> 00:00:52,600 And we'll do some comparisons in terms of how they perform. 19 00:00:52,600 --> 00:00:55,180 So what are the roles for each mode? 20 00:00:55,180 --> 00:00:57,910 When we think about the different modes that 21 00:00:57,910 --> 00:01:00,372 can be used for transportation, we 22 00:01:00,372 --> 00:01:02,870 can think in different dimensions. 23 00:01:02,870 --> 00:01:07,240 And one of them is going from low density to high density. 24 00:01:07,240 --> 00:01:10,450 That is from very sparse OD matrices 25 00:01:10,450 --> 00:01:12,970 where origins and destinations are 26 00:01:12,970 --> 00:01:17,830 both scattered in a geographical area to a situation where, 27 00:01:17,830 --> 00:01:21,700 along a particular corridor, there are concentrated origin 28 00:01:21,700 --> 00:01:24,310 destination pairs and many people wanting 29 00:01:24,310 --> 00:01:26,980 to travel along the corridor. 30 00:01:26,980 --> 00:01:28,540 Obviously this happens more in cities 31 00:01:28,540 --> 00:01:30,830 than it happens in rural areas. 32 00:01:30,830 --> 00:01:34,060 And we also see that we can think 33 00:01:34,060 --> 00:01:37,390 about it in that same dimension from having low vehicle 34 00:01:37,390 --> 00:01:40,630 capacity being necessary to requiring high vehicle 35 00:01:40,630 --> 00:01:41,420 capacity. 36 00:01:41,420 --> 00:01:43,990 And by capacity, I mean the capacity 37 00:01:43,990 --> 00:01:46,150 of a vehicle to hold passengers inside, right? 38 00:01:46,150 --> 00:01:52,440 So in that direction, we have private modes on the top. 39 00:01:52,440 --> 00:01:56,320 And we have public modes, so-called public at the bottom. 40 00:01:56,320 --> 00:01:59,220 So we all know what the auto is. 41 00:01:59,220 --> 00:02:02,620 It's a private mode that is often used a single person, 42 00:02:02,620 --> 00:02:05,620 sometimes by a family. 43 00:02:05,620 --> 00:02:11,470 And yeah, so very low density of the payer being served. 44 00:02:11,470 --> 00:02:14,140 Then you go to carpool where people 45 00:02:14,140 --> 00:02:16,090 are more in that same vehicle. 46 00:02:16,090 --> 00:02:18,920 And there might be multiple stops along the way. 47 00:02:18,920 --> 00:02:21,320 And vanpool, slightly larger vehicle. 48 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:24,370 This is often private. 49 00:02:24,370 --> 00:02:28,330 So it could be arrangements between co-workers 50 00:02:28,330 --> 00:02:32,050 requiring capacity higher than a normal car. 51 00:02:32,050 --> 00:02:33,010 So they get a van. 52 00:02:33,010 --> 00:02:36,700 And maybe one of them drives it or maybe they hire a driver. 53 00:02:36,700 --> 00:02:40,180 So then in the public side we have taxi. 54 00:02:40,180 --> 00:02:42,370 And I'm using the term here generally. 55 00:02:42,370 --> 00:02:46,780 So you can think of this as one of the newer 56 00:02:46,780 --> 00:02:48,760 forms of taxi of transportation that were 57 00:02:48,760 --> 00:02:52,180 companies like Uber and Lyft. 58 00:02:52,180 --> 00:02:56,830 So you might hail a cab just for yourself. 59 00:02:56,830 --> 00:02:58,000 And that's the extreme. 60 00:02:58,000 --> 00:03:00,000 Or you might use the pool servicing, 61 00:03:00,000 --> 00:03:02,440 the pool services offered by those companies, 62 00:03:02,440 --> 00:03:03,910 or you might share a taxi. 63 00:03:03,910 --> 00:03:08,244 So you start increasing the utilization of that vehicle. 64 00:03:08,244 --> 00:03:09,160 Then we have publicos. 65 00:03:09,160 --> 00:03:12,490 Publicos are-- they can be cars or vans. 66 00:03:12,490 --> 00:03:17,890 They're operated by a private driver often in an association. 67 00:03:17,890 --> 00:03:22,240 And they usually drive these vehicles 68 00:03:22,240 --> 00:03:27,550 along more semi-flexible, semi-fixed corridors. 69 00:03:27,550 --> 00:03:30,040 So people more or less know the routes they serve. 70 00:03:30,040 --> 00:03:32,120 They have some flexibility. 71 00:03:32,120 --> 00:03:35,010 So they can say, well, can you take me, 72 00:03:35,010 --> 00:03:36,220 you know, around the corner. 73 00:03:36,220 --> 00:03:37,240 And they'll do that. 74 00:03:37,240 --> 00:03:43,210 So it's the mode that is sort of right before formalized public 75 00:03:43,210 --> 00:03:44,230 transportation. 76 00:03:44,230 --> 00:03:45,550 Then we have fixed route bus. 77 00:03:45,550 --> 00:03:48,190 That's the route one and the buses 78 00:03:48,190 --> 00:03:51,550 here in Boston and in many places, traditional bus 79 00:03:51,550 --> 00:03:52,420 service. 80 00:03:52,420 --> 00:03:54,910 BRT, which is bus rapid transit, which 81 00:03:54,910 --> 00:04:00,160 is a mode where buses are being used to deliver transit that 82 00:04:00,160 --> 00:04:03,130 is generally delivered via rail services, 83 00:04:03,130 --> 00:04:05,090 light rail services in particular. 84 00:04:05,090 --> 00:04:07,590 We'll look at some examples later in this lecture. 85 00:04:07,590 --> 00:04:11,290 And then we have light rail like Boston's Green Line 86 00:04:11,290 --> 00:04:15,220 and heavy rail, which is the traditional subway or Metro 87 00:04:15,220 --> 00:04:16,570 system, right? 88 00:04:16,570 --> 00:04:19,089 In the middle sometimes subscription bus. 89 00:04:19,089 --> 00:04:23,140 So the car services that are sometimes-- 90 00:04:23,140 --> 00:04:29,550 it's oft-- like a normal sized bus. 91 00:04:29,550 --> 00:04:33,380 It could be paid for by a company 92 00:04:33,380 --> 00:04:35,720 to get its employees to the site, right? 93 00:04:35,720 --> 00:04:37,520 So it's somewhere in the middle. 94 00:04:37,520 --> 00:04:38,540 Because it's not public. 95 00:04:38,540 --> 00:04:40,800 So not everybody can use it. 96 00:04:40,800 --> 00:04:42,530 But it's not private. 97 00:04:42,530 --> 00:04:44,660 Because somebody else, so there's 98 00:04:44,660 --> 00:04:46,700 a third party who is providing the service. 99 00:04:50,310 --> 00:04:53,610 So along that same direction of increasing vehicle 100 00:04:53,610 --> 00:04:55,680 capacity and passenger flows. 101 00:04:55,680 --> 00:04:59,610 We can also look at what happens to the operating arrangements. 102 00:04:59,610 --> 00:05:02,310 And we have three operating arrangements listed here, 103 00:05:02,310 --> 00:05:03,510 three classes. 104 00:05:03,510 --> 00:05:04,590 What happens to drivers? 105 00:05:04,590 --> 00:05:06,030 What happens to right-of-way? 106 00:05:06,030 --> 00:05:08,730 What happens to routing and scheduling? 107 00:05:08,730 --> 00:05:12,600 So how much does it cost to have drivers 108 00:05:12,600 --> 00:05:15,050 operating a private car? 109 00:05:15,050 --> 00:05:17,460 If it's just you, you don't think about the cost, 110 00:05:17,460 --> 00:05:20,040 although you could assume some cost for your value of time. 111 00:05:20,040 --> 00:05:25,590 But you're not paying someone to drive you often. 112 00:05:25,590 --> 00:05:27,670 As you move to van, as I said earlier, 113 00:05:27,670 --> 00:05:30,060 if it's an arrangement where you or one of your friends 114 00:05:30,060 --> 00:05:32,340 is the one driving the van that's free as well. 115 00:05:32,340 --> 00:05:37,680 Or if you hire a driver, then it becomes a low cost salary 116 00:05:37,680 --> 00:05:40,410 or payment for that driving service. 117 00:05:40,410 --> 00:05:42,540 Then we have mini bus and bus. 118 00:05:42,540 --> 00:05:44,820 So depending on the size of the system 119 00:05:44,820 --> 00:05:48,330 and how big the vehicles are and the context of how 120 00:05:48,330 --> 00:05:52,260 that driver gets hired, it could be low cost. 121 00:05:52,260 --> 00:05:57,000 But as [INAUDIBLE] and labor unions, 122 00:05:57,000 --> 00:05:58,730 then the cost starts increasing, right? 123 00:05:58,730 --> 00:06:02,730 So you have higher salaries, and especially 124 00:06:02,730 --> 00:06:04,920 as you move towards light rail and heavy rail, 125 00:06:04,920 --> 00:06:07,510 much higher salaries for drivers. 126 00:06:07,510 --> 00:06:10,740 However, when we get to heavy rail, especially the more 127 00:06:10,740 --> 00:06:12,600 modern, the most advanced systems 128 00:06:12,600 --> 00:06:14,550 of heavy rail, a lot of these are driverless. 129 00:06:14,550 --> 00:06:16,200 They operate automatically. 130 00:06:16,200 --> 00:06:18,240 And they might have attendants inside of them. 131 00:06:18,240 --> 00:06:20,700 But they don't necessarily need to have attendants. 132 00:06:20,700 --> 00:06:23,520 So you could think in the extreme, 133 00:06:23,520 --> 00:06:25,140 this is coming back down to, well, 134 00:06:25,140 --> 00:06:26,580 it's a robot driving the vehicle. 135 00:06:26,580 --> 00:06:29,650 And I don't have to pay for a driver. 136 00:06:29,650 --> 00:06:33,610 In terms of right-of-way, we start with shared right-of-way, 137 00:06:33,610 --> 00:06:36,910 so cars, vans, minibuses, and buses typically share the road 138 00:06:36,910 --> 00:06:37,930 with other cars, right? 139 00:06:37,930 --> 00:06:39,800 So they're sharing the space. 140 00:06:39,800 --> 00:06:42,940 And they're stuck in traffic, if there is traffic. 141 00:06:42,940 --> 00:06:46,660 For bus, light rail, you have a mix. 142 00:06:46,660 --> 00:06:49,930 Some of these systems can operate only 143 00:06:49,930 --> 00:06:54,040 in a shared right-of-way or only in dedicated corridors 144 00:06:54,040 --> 00:06:55,300 or a mix of both. 145 00:06:55,300 --> 00:06:59,260 So light rail systems, for example, often have shared-- 146 00:06:59,260 --> 00:07:00,899 often have dedicated right-of-ways, 147 00:07:00,899 --> 00:07:02,440 but when they hit intersections, they 148 00:07:02,440 --> 00:07:04,660 have to wait like all the other cars 149 00:07:04,660 --> 00:07:07,662 to cross the intersection, not always, but often. 150 00:07:07,662 --> 00:07:09,370 And then there's dedicated right-of-ways, 151 00:07:09,370 --> 00:07:13,840 which is more typical for Metro systems where it's a tunnel 152 00:07:13,840 --> 00:07:17,530 or it's a grade or it's up and over, yeah, 153 00:07:17,530 --> 00:07:20,710 like an elevated section. 154 00:07:20,710 --> 00:07:23,440 But it's dedicated to this Metro system. 155 00:07:23,440 --> 00:07:25,750 So you have a question, [AUDIENCE],, yeah? 156 00:07:25,750 --> 00:07:28,220 AUDIENCE: Yeah, now, light rail. 157 00:07:28,220 --> 00:07:31,120 What would you call light rail on certain segments 158 00:07:31,120 --> 00:07:32,020 that needs-- 159 00:07:32,020 --> 00:07:34,045 that has its own complete right-of-way 160 00:07:34,045 --> 00:07:35,290 it's grade separated? 161 00:07:35,290 --> 00:07:36,440 Because they have that-- 162 00:07:36,440 --> 00:07:38,930 these big systems where they're partially light rail 163 00:07:38,930 --> 00:07:40,830 and they're partially segregated, 164 00:07:40,830 --> 00:07:43,149 and even that heavy rail that even has 165 00:07:43,149 --> 00:07:44,440 occasional crossing [INAUDIBLE] 166 00:07:44,440 --> 00:07:45,200 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: That's right, yeah, yeah. 167 00:07:45,200 --> 00:07:46,075 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 168 00:07:46,075 --> 00:07:47,616 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Absolutely. 169 00:07:47,616 --> 00:07:48,920 And that's a great question. 170 00:07:48,920 --> 00:07:52,300 So the question is why, or how do we 171 00:07:52,300 --> 00:07:57,137 label some services that share characteristics 172 00:07:57,137 --> 00:07:57,970 that I'm describing. 173 00:07:57,970 --> 00:08:00,790 I'm seeing Metro as this way and light rail as this way. 174 00:08:00,790 --> 00:08:04,120 But there are, in fact, systems that combines 175 00:08:04,120 --> 00:08:05,510 some of these characteristics. 176 00:08:05,510 --> 00:08:08,320 So I'm talking about the stereotypical descriptions 177 00:08:08,320 --> 00:08:09,620 of each system. 178 00:08:09,620 --> 00:08:11,290 And one of the points of this lecture 179 00:08:11,290 --> 00:08:14,410 is, in fact, that it's blurry. 180 00:08:14,410 --> 00:08:15,620 All these lines are blurry. 181 00:08:15,620 --> 00:08:19,040 And you can combine different characteristics. 182 00:08:19,040 --> 00:08:20,470 So, yeah. 183 00:08:20,470 --> 00:08:22,517 But it's still useful as a framework 184 00:08:22,517 --> 00:08:24,100 to think about all the different modes 185 00:08:24,100 --> 00:08:27,706 and their typical or stereotypical characteristics. 186 00:08:27,706 --> 00:08:31,400 Right, so, routing and scheduling, 187 00:08:31,400 --> 00:08:34,990 so if you're in your own car, it's fully flexible, right? 188 00:08:34,990 --> 00:08:39,140 You decide where the car is, when it leaves, when it ends, 189 00:08:39,140 --> 00:08:40,690 its trip. 190 00:08:40,690 --> 00:08:42,669 As you move towards minibus and you're 191 00:08:42,669 --> 00:08:44,434 sharing the ride with other people, 192 00:08:44,434 --> 00:08:47,500 it might have either fixed routes or fully flexible 193 00:08:47,500 --> 00:08:51,160 or somewhere in between, like the Publicos that I described 194 00:08:51,160 --> 00:08:53,590 where there is a semi-fixed route 195 00:08:53,590 --> 00:08:55,900 but with some flexibility to deviate 196 00:08:55,900 --> 00:08:59,530 from those to accommodate certain passenger's 197 00:08:59,530 --> 00:09:00,820 destinations. 198 00:09:00,820 --> 00:09:03,760 And then as we move to the most formal systems, 199 00:09:03,760 --> 00:09:06,040 it's a picked through-- it's a published service 200 00:09:06,040 --> 00:09:08,890 plan with stops at certain places 201 00:09:08,890 --> 00:09:12,430 and people know where to go take it. 202 00:09:12,430 --> 00:09:15,109 Any questions on the terms of services? 203 00:09:15,109 --> 00:09:15,734 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 204 00:09:15,734 --> 00:09:16,182 [INAUDIBLE] 205 00:09:16,182 --> 00:09:16,910 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: [INAUDIBLE],, yes? 206 00:09:16,910 --> 00:09:17,740 AUDIENCE: On Publicos. 207 00:09:17,740 --> 00:09:18,990 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yes. 208 00:09:18,990 --> 00:09:21,210 AUDIENCE: Typically the flexibility would be, 209 00:09:21,210 --> 00:09:22,650 would be with the alighting. 210 00:09:22,650 --> 00:09:23,900 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yes. 211 00:09:23,900 --> 00:09:25,530 AUDIENCE: You would have to know where to board. 212 00:09:25,530 --> 00:09:25,810 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: That's right. 213 00:09:25,810 --> 00:09:28,110 AUDIENCE: But they could drop you off anyplace. 214 00:09:28,110 --> 00:09:29,360 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yes. 215 00:09:29,360 --> 00:09:31,320 Sometimes you can call the companies. 216 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:34,410 And they can communicate and say, arrange for a pickup. 217 00:09:34,410 --> 00:09:37,184 But most typically, yeah, you have more flexibility 218 00:09:37,184 --> 00:09:38,100 on the alighting side. 219 00:09:41,290 --> 00:09:42,220 All right. 220 00:09:42,220 --> 00:09:42,929 Other categories. 221 00:09:42,929 --> 00:09:44,220 Let's talk about rights-of-way. 222 00:09:44,220 --> 00:09:45,670 We started talking about that. 223 00:09:45,670 --> 00:09:47,380 So degree of segregation. 224 00:09:47,380 --> 00:09:50,110 We can think about three different levels, 225 00:09:50,110 --> 00:09:52,000 surface with mixed traffic. 226 00:09:52,000 --> 00:09:54,120 This is typical for buses or light rail that 227 00:09:54,120 --> 00:09:56,800 has no preferential treatment. 228 00:09:56,800 --> 00:09:58,810 Then we go to longitudinal separation 229 00:09:58,810 --> 00:10:00,790 with at-grade crossing. 230 00:10:00,790 --> 00:10:03,920 Well, the Green Line here in Boston is mostly like that, 231 00:10:03,920 --> 00:10:05,170 several benches are like that. 232 00:10:05,170 --> 00:10:07,240 So they run on their own track. 233 00:10:07,240 --> 00:10:08,950 When they hit an intersection, they 234 00:10:08,950 --> 00:10:12,310 have to wait for the red light with other cars. 235 00:10:12,310 --> 00:10:15,160 Some sections of the Green Line are actually 236 00:10:15,160 --> 00:10:16,840 surface with mixed traffic. 237 00:10:16,840 --> 00:10:20,740 I'm thinking about the last end of the E line. 238 00:10:20,740 --> 00:10:22,570 And then full separation, right? 239 00:10:22,570 --> 00:10:25,090 So that could be at-grade tunnel, elevated. 240 00:10:25,090 --> 00:10:25,810 Technologies. 241 00:10:25,810 --> 00:10:28,330 Let's talk about technologies. 242 00:10:28,330 --> 00:10:31,690 Support, which is referring to contact between the vehicle 243 00:10:31,690 --> 00:10:34,180 on the surface, what counters the force of gravity 244 00:10:34,180 --> 00:10:36,070 essentially for these vehicles. 245 00:10:36,070 --> 00:10:39,430 We have rubber tire on concrete for buses. 246 00:10:39,430 --> 00:10:41,290 That's typically what it is. 247 00:10:41,290 --> 00:10:42,520 Some trains have that. 248 00:10:42,520 --> 00:10:45,400 If you go through the Metro system in Paris, for example, 249 00:10:45,400 --> 00:10:50,170 you'll see rubber tire on concrete for their Metro. 250 00:10:50,170 --> 00:10:53,890 That has a benefit over steel wheel on steel rail in terms 251 00:10:53,890 --> 00:10:56,680 of the grip, and, therefore, acceleration 252 00:10:56,680 --> 00:10:58,270 and braking distances. 253 00:10:58,270 --> 00:10:59,680 They can be shorter. 254 00:10:59,680 --> 00:11:02,890 Steel wheel and steel rail is more common for rail systems. 255 00:11:02,890 --> 00:11:05,470 And the maintenance cost is lower. 256 00:11:05,470 --> 00:11:07,670 And they last longer. 257 00:11:07,670 --> 00:11:11,510 But they have a lower coefficient of friction. 258 00:11:11,510 --> 00:11:13,900 So braking distances are longer. 259 00:11:13,900 --> 00:11:18,977 And the capacity to climb very steep grades is reduced. 260 00:11:18,977 --> 00:11:19,810 You have a question? 261 00:11:19,810 --> 00:11:24,290 AUDIENCE: Yeah, do you think Paris [INAUDIBLE] 262 00:11:24,290 --> 00:11:25,915 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: I don't know. 263 00:11:25,915 --> 00:11:27,130 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 264 00:11:27,130 --> 00:11:27,580 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, I 265 00:11:27,580 --> 00:11:28,700 don't know why they chose that. 266 00:11:28,700 --> 00:11:29,740 AUDIENCE: I have an answer. 267 00:11:29,740 --> 00:11:31,031 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah? 268 00:11:31,031 --> 00:11:32,860 AUDIENCE: The Michelin, the company, 269 00:11:32,860 --> 00:11:36,100 when they were rebuilding the Metro after World War 270 00:11:36,100 --> 00:11:38,517 II put a lot of pressure on their jeeps [? for climbing ?] 271 00:11:38,517 --> 00:11:40,599 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: That sounds more likely. 272 00:11:40,599 --> 00:11:43,147 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] of a conspiracy theory but 273 00:11:43,147 --> 00:11:44,370 [INAUDIBLE] 274 00:11:44,370 --> 00:11:46,570 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Not a conspiracy but, 275 00:11:46,570 --> 00:11:50,290 yeah, the local industry being favored in the construction 276 00:11:50,290 --> 00:11:51,216 of a system. 277 00:11:51,216 --> 00:11:52,590 That makes a lot of sense, right? 278 00:11:52,590 --> 00:11:55,660 So, I'll buy that. 279 00:11:55,660 --> 00:11:58,390 Right, so other support systems. 280 00:11:58,390 --> 00:11:59,920 Let's get some ideas. 281 00:11:59,920 --> 00:12:02,350 Besides these very traditional rubber 282 00:12:02,350 --> 00:12:04,780 on concrete or rubber and asphalt, 283 00:12:04,780 --> 00:12:06,250 steel wheel on steel rail. 284 00:12:06,250 --> 00:12:09,110 What other forms of support exist? 285 00:12:09,110 --> 00:12:11,735 Some of them are fancy, some of them are less common. 286 00:12:11,735 --> 00:12:13,507 Let's start over here with 287 00:12:13,507 --> 00:12:15,000 AUDIENCE: Magnetic levitation. 288 00:12:15,000 --> 00:12:16,950 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Magnetic levitation, so Maglev, 289 00:12:16,950 --> 00:12:17,550 right? 290 00:12:17,550 --> 00:12:21,750 You can think about some of the Japanese systems that do that. 291 00:12:21,750 --> 00:12:24,400 For a very high speed rail, you want to reduce friction. 292 00:12:24,400 --> 00:12:27,300 So use magnetic levitation to reduce friction. 293 00:12:27,300 --> 00:12:28,070 Over here. 294 00:12:28,070 --> 00:12:30,710 AUDIENCE: No contact [INAUDIBLE] 295 00:12:30,710 --> 00:12:33,300 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, well, not a real system yet. 296 00:12:33,300 --> 00:12:34,650 It can't take turns. 297 00:12:34,650 --> 00:12:37,170 But yeah, so air. 298 00:12:37,170 --> 00:12:38,790 It's some other form of levitation, 299 00:12:38,790 --> 00:12:42,990 right, well, based on air pressure, and yeah. 300 00:12:42,990 --> 00:12:45,280 Any other ideas? 301 00:12:48,160 --> 00:12:49,786 AUDIENCE: Small airplanes [INAUDIBLE].. 302 00:12:49,786 --> 00:12:51,076 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 303 00:12:51,076 --> 00:12:53,230 We're not-- well, in this course, that is right. 304 00:12:53,230 --> 00:12:54,771 It's a form of public transportation. 305 00:12:54,771 --> 00:12:58,510 In this course we are excluding some forms of public transit. 306 00:12:58,510 --> 00:13:00,460 We're excluding airplanes. 307 00:13:00,460 --> 00:13:02,480 You could argue that elevators are a form 308 00:13:02,480 --> 00:13:04,580 of public transportation. 309 00:13:04,580 --> 00:13:06,490 They go up and down along a track. 310 00:13:06,490 --> 00:13:09,910 And you have stops that you call. 311 00:13:09,910 --> 00:13:11,740 But we're also excluding them. 312 00:13:11,740 --> 00:13:14,140 So, yes. 313 00:13:14,140 --> 00:13:18,100 I'm thinking more traditionally but somewhat different 314 00:13:18,100 --> 00:13:19,696 forms of support. 315 00:13:19,696 --> 00:13:21,010 AUDIENCE: Cable cars. 316 00:13:21,010 --> 00:13:24,010 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Cable cars, yes, or gondolas, right? 317 00:13:24,010 --> 00:13:29,150 So suspended cabs that are taken over the air, yeah. 318 00:13:29,150 --> 00:13:29,650 Yeah. 319 00:13:29,650 --> 00:13:30,670 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 320 00:13:30,670 --> 00:13:32,336 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Right, there's 321 00:13:32,336 --> 00:13:34,480 funiculars, which are [INAUDIBLE] and are, 322 00:13:34,480 --> 00:13:37,480 sort of, they look like little a rail car. 323 00:13:37,480 --> 00:13:39,340 But they climb very steep grades. 324 00:13:43,310 --> 00:13:45,904 Yes. 325 00:13:45,904 --> 00:13:46,890 AUDIENCE: Ferries. 326 00:13:46,890 --> 00:13:48,306 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Ferries. 327 00:13:48,306 --> 00:13:50,080 So if you go to Translink in Vancouver, 328 00:13:50,080 --> 00:13:52,570 ferries are part of their transit system, yeah. 329 00:13:52,570 --> 00:13:55,250 So, OK, I think that covers some ideas. 330 00:13:55,250 --> 00:13:56,500 Let's talk about guidance now. 331 00:13:56,500 --> 00:13:58,960 And when I say guidance, I mean lateral control. 332 00:13:58,960 --> 00:14:00,460 What steers the vehicle? 333 00:14:00,460 --> 00:14:04,420 So, traditionally steered by the driver, right? 334 00:14:04,420 --> 00:14:05,950 That's bus. 335 00:14:05,950 --> 00:14:09,580 For rail, obviously the vehicle is guided by the track. 336 00:14:09,580 --> 00:14:12,730 And then there are other forms of steering. 337 00:14:12,730 --> 00:14:15,100 Any ideas of what they could be? 338 00:14:15,100 --> 00:14:15,803 AUDIENCE? 339 00:14:15,803 --> 00:14:20,195 AUDIENCE: I mean, this is also a little bit, maybe, 340 00:14:20,195 --> 00:14:22,995 little bit into the future but self-driving vehicles. 341 00:14:22,995 --> 00:14:24,370 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yes, so 342 00:14:24,370 --> 00:14:27,460 you have a robot with a Servo that's steering the thing, 343 00:14:27,460 --> 00:14:28,030 yeah. 344 00:14:28,030 --> 00:14:31,330 We have an example in this lecture of real systems 345 00:14:31,330 --> 00:14:33,214 that already do that, yeah. 346 00:14:33,214 --> 00:14:36,015 AUDIENCE: There's [INAUDIBLE] 347 00:14:36,015 --> 00:14:37,640 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: That's right. 348 00:14:37,640 --> 00:14:39,220 We have a picture of that. 349 00:14:39,220 --> 00:14:41,380 And so great. 350 00:14:41,380 --> 00:14:45,229 All right, great, so, yeah, examples of that. 351 00:14:45,229 --> 00:14:47,020 Now let's talk about energy and propulsion. 352 00:14:47,020 --> 00:14:49,810 So for bus, the most traditional thing 353 00:14:49,810 --> 00:14:53,217 is to have a diesel internal combustion engine. 354 00:14:53,217 --> 00:14:54,800 It used to be the conventional engine. 355 00:14:54,800 --> 00:14:57,580 Now they've really improved with fuel injection 356 00:14:57,580 --> 00:14:59,110 and other technologies. 357 00:14:59,110 --> 00:15:00,840 They've made them clean diesel. 358 00:15:00,840 --> 00:15:02,980 So they control the exhaust. 359 00:15:02,980 --> 00:15:06,490 And these engines can shut down and start very cleanly 360 00:15:06,490 --> 00:15:09,080 without wasting of fuel. 361 00:15:09,080 --> 00:15:13,390 So, they reduce pollution and noise. 362 00:15:13,390 --> 00:15:17,380 There's compressed natural gas and abbreviated CNG. 363 00:15:17,380 --> 00:15:21,010 A lot of the fleet here in Boston, bus fleet, is CNG. 364 00:15:21,010 --> 00:15:22,330 And they're pretty loud. 365 00:15:22,330 --> 00:15:24,970 And they have a CNG logo in the back. 366 00:15:24,970 --> 00:15:28,270 So you'll notice when you see them. 367 00:15:28,270 --> 00:15:32,200 Those are-- they require special maintenance and refueling 368 00:15:32,200 --> 00:15:33,790 facilities, of course. 369 00:15:33,790 --> 00:15:38,950 And, at least in North America, CNG was popular for a while. 370 00:15:38,950 --> 00:15:41,310 But now agencies are switching back 371 00:15:41,310 --> 00:15:44,040 to diesel, and in particular, clean diesel and hybrid 372 00:15:44,040 --> 00:15:45,660 electric with diesel. 373 00:15:45,660 --> 00:15:48,556 So fully electric buses exist. 374 00:15:48,556 --> 00:15:49,680 And they're getting better. 375 00:15:49,680 --> 00:15:52,500 Battery energy storage is getting better. 376 00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:56,900 So we have fully electric buses that can service-- 377 00:15:56,900 --> 00:15:59,040 that can provide service for many hours 378 00:15:59,040 --> 00:16:00,520 without recharge in between. 379 00:16:00,520 --> 00:16:01,560 So that's great. 380 00:16:01,560 --> 00:16:04,020 And as I mentioned, hybrid diesel electric. 381 00:16:04,020 --> 00:16:04,920 That's very common. 382 00:16:04,920 --> 00:16:09,030 I think it's being the preferred bus mode now, so 383 00:16:09,030 --> 00:16:12,780 preferred energy system or propulsion system for buses. 384 00:16:12,780 --> 00:16:15,630 So often how this works is that you have a diesel--a clean 385 00:16:15,630 --> 00:16:19,080 diesel engine, that powers an electric generator, 386 00:16:19,080 --> 00:16:20,370 which stores electric energy. 387 00:16:20,370 --> 00:16:23,400 And then on each wheel, you have electric motors. 388 00:16:23,400 --> 00:16:26,250 So, in fact, the propulsion directly is electric. 389 00:16:26,250 --> 00:16:30,870 And you're only using the motor to generate electricity. 390 00:16:30,870 --> 00:16:33,521 So you can get a lot of fuel efficiency 391 00:16:33,521 --> 00:16:35,520 from that, especially because all of these buses 392 00:16:35,520 --> 00:16:36,260 stops so often. 393 00:16:36,260 --> 00:16:36,760 Right? 394 00:16:36,760 --> 00:16:39,000 They have very-- a lot of stop and go. 395 00:16:39,000 --> 00:16:42,990 And so sometimes you can just kill the engine 396 00:16:42,990 --> 00:16:45,880 when the bus is stopped. 397 00:16:45,880 --> 00:16:47,980 All right, what about control? 398 00:16:47,980 --> 00:16:50,470 So we talked about guidance, which is lateral control. 399 00:16:50,470 --> 00:16:52,340 What about longitudinal control? 400 00:16:52,340 --> 00:16:55,450 So how do you control when you stop? 401 00:16:55,450 --> 00:16:58,360 How do you accelerate how quickly you go or brake? 402 00:16:58,360 --> 00:17:01,180 So we have manual or visual. 403 00:17:01,180 --> 00:17:04,690 So buses are typically driven by a person who 404 00:17:04,690 --> 00:17:06,310 has a brake and a accelerator. 405 00:17:06,310 --> 00:17:10,920 And they control everything manually and on site. 406 00:17:10,920 --> 00:17:13,780 There is also manual with signals. 407 00:17:13,780 --> 00:17:15,880 This is more typically for rail. 408 00:17:15,880 --> 00:17:18,430 You have signals that might set a limit, a speed 409 00:17:18,430 --> 00:17:20,560 limit on the vehicle and protect trains 410 00:17:20,560 --> 00:17:22,750 from crashing into each other. 411 00:17:22,750 --> 00:17:24,250 And then there's fully automatic. 412 00:17:24,250 --> 00:17:28,780 So you have a robot controlling the longitudinal movement 413 00:17:28,780 --> 00:17:29,710 of the vehicle. 414 00:17:29,710 --> 00:17:32,650 Questions on these technologies? 415 00:17:32,650 --> 00:17:34,540 We'll see some examples. 416 00:17:34,540 --> 00:17:35,040 [AUDIENCE]? 417 00:17:35,040 --> 00:17:38,529 AUDIENCE: In terms of automatic [INAUDIBLE] as well? 418 00:17:38,529 --> 00:17:39,820 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 419 00:17:39,820 --> 00:17:43,019 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] the bus exactly where it is. 420 00:17:43,019 --> 00:17:44,310 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 421 00:17:44,310 --> 00:17:45,880 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 422 00:17:45,880 --> 00:17:47,755 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: That's right, yeah. 423 00:17:49,320 --> 00:17:54,940 OK, so we talked about automatic train protection. 424 00:17:54,940 --> 00:17:56,000 Here's how it works. 425 00:17:56,000 --> 00:17:59,150 This is the classical block system for rails. 426 00:17:59,150 --> 00:18:02,050 And here's how we control the longitudinal movement 427 00:18:02,050 --> 00:18:03,950 in a system like the red line. 428 00:18:03,950 --> 00:18:06,460 So this is the fixed block system. 429 00:18:06,460 --> 00:18:10,420 What you do is that you divide the track into sections. 430 00:18:10,420 --> 00:18:13,930 And the goal of the system is to prevent trains 431 00:18:13,930 --> 00:18:15,290 from colliding into each other. 432 00:18:15,290 --> 00:18:19,120 So let's suppose that there's a train right here and in maroon. 433 00:18:19,120 --> 00:18:22,030 And it's occupying a section of track. 434 00:18:22,030 --> 00:18:24,900 The track knows that a train is occupying that segment. 435 00:18:24,900 --> 00:18:30,280 And to prevent a collision, it blocks trains 436 00:18:30,280 --> 00:18:32,530 from entering the previous segment. 437 00:18:32,530 --> 00:18:33,700 OK? 438 00:18:33,700 --> 00:18:35,360 And how does it do that? 439 00:18:35,360 --> 00:18:39,160 It does that by setting the speed limit on the segment 440 00:18:39,160 --> 00:18:41,890 to [INAUDIBLE] upstream to 0. 441 00:18:41,890 --> 00:18:45,090 So if a train were to enter that segment, 442 00:18:45,090 --> 00:18:48,300 it would be braked automatically. 443 00:18:48,300 --> 00:18:51,090 And then the speed limit gets increased 444 00:18:51,090 --> 00:18:52,230 as you go farther upstream. 445 00:18:52,230 --> 00:18:55,080 So a train can move along the track. 446 00:18:55,080 --> 00:18:59,630 But if it gets too close to the piece of track 447 00:18:59,630 --> 00:19:02,430 to being occupied, it will have to slow down or brake. 448 00:19:02,430 --> 00:19:05,940 Have you been on a train here or elsewhere where 449 00:19:05,940 --> 00:19:08,520 you're braked all of a sudden in the middle 450 00:19:08,520 --> 00:19:10,993 of the track between stations? 451 00:19:10,993 --> 00:19:14,070 Yeah, and then normally you hear the brakes going off. 452 00:19:14,070 --> 00:19:15,790 And then it starts again. 453 00:19:15,790 --> 00:19:17,880 So what happens in those cases is that the driver 454 00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:19,410 exceeded the speed limit. 455 00:19:19,410 --> 00:19:22,080 And the automatic train protection system kicked in. 456 00:19:22,080 --> 00:19:24,570 It brakes, it brings the train to a halt. 457 00:19:24,570 --> 00:19:27,180 And the driver won't be able to start the train again 458 00:19:27,180 --> 00:19:31,510 until the pressure on the brake system is released. 459 00:19:31,510 --> 00:19:32,290 Questions? 460 00:19:32,290 --> 00:19:34,256 AUDIENCE: Do you know that the DC Metro does not have this? 461 00:19:34,256 --> 00:19:36,734 Because I used to never ride the front or the back car. 462 00:19:36,734 --> 00:19:39,668 Because they were notorious for hitting each other, 463 00:19:39,668 --> 00:19:40,792 at least like 10 years ago. 464 00:19:40,792 --> 00:19:42,750 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, they have that. 465 00:19:42,750 --> 00:19:45,525 So if-- they have a system to prevent collisions. 466 00:19:45,525 --> 00:19:46,400 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 467 00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:48,066 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: If it thinks-- 468 00:19:48,066 --> 00:19:51,509 if it's not maintained properly, then things can happen. 469 00:19:51,509 --> 00:19:53,300 Or it could be that they haven't enabled it 470 00:19:53,300 --> 00:19:54,620 in some sections of the track. 471 00:19:54,620 --> 00:19:55,702 I don't know the details. 472 00:19:55,702 --> 00:19:57,160 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] because there 473 00:19:57,160 --> 00:19:58,440 were a lot of people that died [INAUDIBLE] 474 00:19:58,440 --> 00:19:58,520 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 475 00:19:58,520 --> 00:19:59,050 AUDIENCE: There was like-- 476 00:19:59,050 --> 00:20:00,550 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, so-- 477 00:20:00,550 --> 00:20:03,381 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] years ago the DC Metro [INAUDIBLE] 478 00:20:03,381 --> 00:20:04,880 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: All right, 479 00:20:04,880 --> 00:20:08,630 so, one of the things with block systems like this 480 00:20:08,630 --> 00:20:10,760 is that they constrain the capacity of the line. 481 00:20:10,760 --> 00:20:12,950 If we look at the red line, in particular, 482 00:20:12,950 --> 00:20:16,370 this is the line that puts a constraint 483 00:20:16,370 --> 00:20:20,500 on the frequency of service. 484 00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:21,830 Approximately three minutes. 485 00:20:21,830 --> 00:20:23,740 You can't run service more often than that. 486 00:20:23,740 --> 00:20:27,230 And the red line, because of this, the way the blocks 487 00:20:27,230 --> 00:20:28,280 were assigned. 488 00:20:28,280 --> 00:20:29,480 So what happens? 489 00:20:29,480 --> 00:20:33,350 As you're moving from Kendall to Charles MGH, 490 00:20:33,350 --> 00:20:37,070 and particularly in the segments from MGH to Park, 491 00:20:37,070 --> 00:20:39,780 this segment right here is downhill, right? 492 00:20:39,780 --> 00:20:44,600 You're going from elevated downhill to subway. 493 00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:49,490 So you're also going downhill on steel wheel on steel rail. 494 00:20:49,490 --> 00:20:51,020 And the track may be wet. 495 00:20:51,020 --> 00:20:52,470 Because it was outside. 496 00:20:52,470 --> 00:20:54,560 So there's a concern that the braking distance 497 00:20:54,560 --> 00:20:56,270 might be quite long. 498 00:20:56,270 --> 00:20:59,840 And to be very safe and conservative, what happens 499 00:20:59,840 --> 00:21:02,070 is that trains are not allowed to enter 500 00:21:02,070 --> 00:21:04,130 Park Street until the train ahead 501 00:21:04,130 --> 00:21:05,630 departs Downtown Crossing. 502 00:21:05,630 --> 00:21:08,330 So you need to clear the platform of Downtown Crossing. 503 00:21:08,330 --> 00:21:12,620 And only then can you start moving into Park Street. 504 00:21:12,620 --> 00:21:17,520 So that might cause trains to be held up at Charles actually. 505 00:21:17,520 --> 00:21:18,410 So, yeah. 506 00:21:18,410 --> 00:21:24,300 So if we look at the time that it takes the train to close in, 507 00:21:24,300 --> 00:21:28,230 that is from the beginning when the head of the train 508 00:21:28,230 --> 00:21:34,830 hits the circuit just after Charles MGH to the time it 509 00:21:34,830 --> 00:21:37,210 actually gets to Park Street and opens 510 00:21:37,210 --> 00:21:41,670 it's doors, the dwell time at Park Street serving passengers, 511 00:21:41,670 --> 00:21:43,884 allowing passengers to get off and to board. 512 00:21:43,884 --> 00:21:45,300 And then you have the running time 513 00:21:45,300 --> 00:21:47,910 between Park Street and Downtown Crossing. 514 00:21:47,910 --> 00:21:49,980 And finally the time it requires a train 515 00:21:49,980 --> 00:21:54,180 to close its doors and exit and for the tail of the train 516 00:21:54,180 --> 00:21:56,580 to clear the circuit so that it's no longer occupying 517 00:21:56,580 --> 00:21:57,150 the circuit. 518 00:21:57,150 --> 00:21:58,350 That's about three minutes. 519 00:21:58,350 --> 00:22:00,430 You can't run service more often than not. 520 00:22:00,430 --> 00:22:03,460 So you would have to change the blocking, the sign 521 00:22:03,460 --> 00:22:05,850 of this segment to the red line if you wanted 522 00:22:05,850 --> 00:22:09,240 to increase the frequency. 523 00:22:09,240 --> 00:22:14,160 More modern systems are indications based train control 524 00:22:14,160 --> 00:22:15,270 systems. 525 00:22:15,270 --> 00:22:17,370 And what happens in those cases is 526 00:22:17,370 --> 00:22:18,810 that the blocks are not fixed. 527 00:22:18,810 --> 00:22:20,940 They move between vehicles. 528 00:22:20,940 --> 00:22:24,060 A computer will look at the speeds and the distances 529 00:22:24,060 --> 00:22:26,970 between trains and generate virtual blocks 530 00:22:26,970 --> 00:22:28,680 that are quite short. 531 00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:31,620 And they can control with finer precision 532 00:22:31,620 --> 00:22:34,725 how the speed limits that a train has that 533 00:22:34,725 --> 00:22:36,720 are being applied for safety. 534 00:22:36,720 --> 00:22:40,140 Often, these are in systems that are automatically controlled. 535 00:22:40,140 --> 00:22:42,540 So you have the moving block system, 536 00:22:42,540 --> 00:22:44,640 which increases the capacity. 537 00:22:44,640 --> 00:22:47,670 And you have a computer also regulating 538 00:22:47,670 --> 00:22:50,640 the speed, which eliminates driver variability 539 00:22:50,640 --> 00:22:54,640 and further increases the capacity of the system. 540 00:22:54,640 --> 00:22:57,599 Any questions on blocking? 541 00:22:57,599 --> 00:22:59,390 AUDIENCE: What are some examples of systems 542 00:22:59,390 --> 00:23:01,367 that are the most modern? 543 00:23:01,367 --> 00:23:03,950 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: I will give some examples next slide 544 00:23:03,950 --> 00:23:04,449 actually. 545 00:23:04,449 --> 00:23:06,230 So great segue. 546 00:23:06,230 --> 00:23:08,480 So levels of automated protection. 547 00:23:08,480 --> 00:23:10,770 So we start with basic. 548 00:23:10,770 --> 00:23:12,631 The Green Line has no [INAUDIBLE].. 549 00:23:12,631 --> 00:23:13,130 Right? 550 00:23:13,130 --> 00:23:17,070 So, and that's why a few years ago, somebody was-- 551 00:23:17,070 --> 00:23:18,672 well, said the person was texting. 552 00:23:18,672 --> 00:23:20,630 But then they said there was a medical problem. 553 00:23:20,630 --> 00:23:22,350 I'm not sure. 554 00:23:22,350 --> 00:23:22,850 So-- 555 00:23:22,850 --> 00:23:24,340 AUDIENCE: That's quite a medical problem. 556 00:23:24,340 --> 00:23:25,970 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: So, yeah. 557 00:23:25,970 --> 00:23:28,550 So a train rear-ended another one. 558 00:23:28,550 --> 00:23:30,680 It wasn't too bad. 559 00:23:30,680 --> 00:23:33,230 I don't think anybody was killed. 560 00:23:33,230 --> 00:23:36,350 But, yeah, so there are advisory signals 561 00:23:36,350 --> 00:23:40,160 along the track that say, you should go or you should not go. 562 00:23:40,160 --> 00:23:42,320 Or you should go slowly. 563 00:23:42,320 --> 00:23:45,271 But it's up to the driver to regulate that speed. 564 00:23:45,271 --> 00:23:47,646 AUDIENCE: On the Green Line as well one of the provisions 565 00:23:47,646 --> 00:23:49,363 is on the wayside, the signal [INAUDIBLE] 566 00:23:49,363 --> 00:23:51,380 are so old that if you get your red signal 567 00:23:51,380 --> 00:23:56,140 and it is not changing and you wait 60 seconds, 568 00:23:56,140 --> 00:23:57,140 you can proceed through. 569 00:23:57,140 --> 00:23:59,806 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Right, and you have to proceed slowly. 570 00:23:59,806 --> 00:24:00,710 But, yeah. 571 00:24:00,710 --> 00:24:01,280 Right. 572 00:24:01,280 --> 00:24:05,540 So they allow trains to sometimes to both two trains 573 00:24:05,540 --> 00:24:07,790 to birth on a platform in some cases, 574 00:24:07,790 --> 00:24:11,090 although they're not really liking that anymore. 575 00:24:11,090 --> 00:24:13,160 But they used it a little bit more. 576 00:24:13,160 --> 00:24:13,890 Right, so-- 577 00:24:13,890 --> 00:24:14,570 AUDIENCE: And in Chicago, though, 578 00:24:14,570 --> 00:24:16,542 that train's [INAUDIBLE] you can call 579 00:24:16,542 --> 00:24:19,179 to get clearance to pull past the red signal [INAUDIBLE].. 580 00:24:19,179 --> 00:24:21,470 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: That's true for most systems. 581 00:24:21,470 --> 00:24:22,370 You can override. 582 00:24:22,370 --> 00:24:27,530 And with a very slow speed you can take control and manually-- 583 00:24:27,530 --> 00:24:30,080 and you need that, because sometimes these systems fail. 584 00:24:30,080 --> 00:24:31,269 And they all go red. 585 00:24:31,269 --> 00:24:32,810 So you still have to move the trains. 586 00:24:32,810 --> 00:24:34,640 And you need this override system. 587 00:24:34,640 --> 00:24:36,670 But it won't allow quick movement. 588 00:24:36,670 --> 00:24:39,440 AUDIENCE: That's how we had runaway train on Red Line. 589 00:24:39,440 --> 00:24:40,690 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yep. 590 00:24:40,690 --> 00:24:41,240 OK. 591 00:24:41,240 --> 00:24:44,810 The next level of automation is manually setting the speed 592 00:24:44,810 --> 00:24:46,637 below the maximum level. 593 00:24:46,637 --> 00:24:48,470 That's the Red Line, what he just described. 594 00:24:48,470 --> 00:24:52,570 In-cab signals, the speed limit of the block that the train is 595 00:24:52,570 --> 00:24:55,880 occupying is sent to the cab so that the driver 596 00:24:55,880 --> 00:24:57,680 knows what the speed limit is. 597 00:24:57,680 --> 00:25:00,350 It's up to the driver to determine what the speed is. 598 00:25:00,350 --> 00:25:03,020 But if the driver exceeds that speed, 599 00:25:03,020 --> 00:25:04,640 the automatic train protection system 600 00:25:04,640 --> 00:25:08,270 kicks in and brakes the train to a halt. All right? 601 00:25:08,270 --> 00:25:11,420 Then we have manual setting of dwell times only. 602 00:25:11,420 --> 00:25:15,230 So the train drives itself between stations. 603 00:25:15,230 --> 00:25:18,980 The driver decides on the door opening and door 604 00:25:18,980 --> 00:25:21,140 closing manually and, therefore, controls how long 605 00:25:21,140 --> 00:25:23,000 the doors are open for. 606 00:25:23,000 --> 00:25:26,690 So it's a more advanced system from the '70s and '80s. 607 00:25:26,690 --> 00:25:31,130 And then we have semi-automated so we 608 00:25:31,130 --> 00:25:34,640 have automatic train supervision or automatic train regulation. 609 00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:36,200 A good example of this is Tren Urbano 610 00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:39,950 in San Juan, Puerto Rico and the London Underground 611 00:25:39,950 --> 00:25:41,370 central line. 612 00:25:41,370 --> 00:25:45,800 So here the train can drive itself automatically 613 00:25:45,800 --> 00:25:47,600 between stations. 614 00:25:47,600 --> 00:25:50,330 The driver only pushes a button to tell 615 00:25:50,330 --> 00:25:54,260 the train go to the next station essentially. 616 00:25:54,260 --> 00:25:56,480 In Tren Urbano's case, and I imagine 617 00:25:56,480 --> 00:25:58,690 this is true in all system. 618 00:25:58,690 --> 00:26:00,560 The drivers are required to manually 619 00:26:00,560 --> 00:26:05,620 operate for small fraction of their [INAUDIBLE] 620 00:26:05,620 --> 00:26:08,110 to manually control trains if there 621 00:26:08,110 --> 00:26:10,594 is a failure of the system Eli? 622 00:26:10,594 --> 00:26:14,380 AUDIENCE: But they don't control dwell times in these? 623 00:26:14,380 --> 00:26:16,590 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: They can but often not. 624 00:26:16,590 --> 00:26:19,480 Often the dwell times are also regulated. 625 00:26:19,480 --> 00:26:23,510 AUDIENCE: They definitely control them 626 00:26:23,510 --> 00:26:24,600 on the Central Line. 627 00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:25,100 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, so-- 628 00:26:25,100 --> 00:26:25,430 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] Warning for the people on the platform. 629 00:26:25,430 --> 00:26:25,660 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 630 00:26:25,660 --> 00:26:26,690 AUDIENCE: --people on the platform. 631 00:26:26,690 --> 00:26:28,310 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: So you have this button 632 00:26:28,310 --> 00:26:30,680 that you push, the driver, to sort of authorize 633 00:26:30,680 --> 00:26:31,640 the movement forward. 634 00:26:31,640 --> 00:26:35,060 So you can, right, you can not press it 635 00:26:35,060 --> 00:26:38,580 and thereby extend the dwell time. 636 00:26:38,580 --> 00:26:42,440 But the speed between the stations and everything else 637 00:26:42,440 --> 00:26:44,440 is the parking of the train at the platform 638 00:26:44,440 --> 00:26:45,648 and the opening of the doors. 639 00:26:45,648 --> 00:26:47,270 It all happens automatically. 640 00:26:47,270 --> 00:26:48,520 Then you have full automation. 641 00:26:48,520 --> 00:26:51,400 And this comes often with a communications 642 00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,120 based train control. 643 00:26:53,120 --> 00:26:58,830 So you could drive this without any driver inside. 644 00:26:58,830 --> 00:27:02,860 Shut-- airport trains are often like this. 645 00:27:02,860 --> 00:27:06,040 But we're seeing this in Metro systems as well. 646 00:27:06,040 --> 00:27:11,840 In some systems, they still have attendants 647 00:27:11,840 --> 00:27:14,960 or they still have a driver just in case 648 00:27:14,960 --> 00:27:19,100 or for political reasons. 649 00:27:19,100 --> 00:27:22,010 But these systems can drive themselves. 650 00:27:22,010 --> 00:27:24,500 You often need platform screen doors. 651 00:27:24,500 --> 00:27:27,860 That's one of the concerns with fully automatic systems. 652 00:27:27,860 --> 00:27:31,065 It allows people to go into the track 653 00:27:31,065 --> 00:27:32,690 and the computer won't see them, right? 654 00:27:32,690 --> 00:27:38,840 So it has to be a more controlled system. 655 00:27:38,840 --> 00:27:42,900 Line 14 in Paris is another example of that. 656 00:27:42,900 --> 00:27:45,950 Yeah, and then you can [INAUDIBLE] capacity 657 00:27:45,950 --> 00:27:47,310 through a moving block system. 658 00:27:47,310 --> 00:27:52,670 And here's an example of the C Line in New York City. 659 00:27:52,670 --> 00:27:53,170 Questions? 660 00:27:53,170 --> 00:27:56,830 AUDIENCE: You said [INAUDIBLE] people [INAUDIBLE] 661 00:27:56,830 --> 00:27:58,830 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, so these systems 662 00:27:58,830 --> 00:28:00,526 have platform screen doors and they 663 00:28:00,526 --> 00:28:01,650 don't have a driver, right? 664 00:28:01,650 --> 00:28:03,990 So you go in and they move between stations. 665 00:28:03,990 --> 00:28:06,660 But you also have lots of Metro systems 666 00:28:06,660 --> 00:28:08,910 in cities that work like that. 667 00:28:08,910 --> 00:28:13,770 As of 2013, there were 48 fully automated Metro lines 668 00:28:13,770 --> 00:28:18,060 in 32 cities over the world that didn't require a driver 669 00:28:18,060 --> 00:28:18,634 to operate. 670 00:28:18,634 --> 00:28:19,800 And that number is going up. 671 00:28:23,170 --> 00:28:23,685 OK. 672 00:28:23,685 --> 00:28:24,560 Let's talk about bus. 673 00:28:24,560 --> 00:28:25,143 What is a bus? 674 00:28:25,143 --> 00:28:27,595 And [INAUDIBLE] we're talking about the stereotypical-- 675 00:28:27,595 --> 00:28:29,720 this is the what is a bus, what is a train lecture. 676 00:28:29,720 --> 00:28:35,290 So this is the stereotypical description of what a bus is. 677 00:28:35,290 --> 00:28:39,630 But of course, the boundaries between these modes are blurry. 678 00:28:39,630 --> 00:28:42,230 So stereotypical definitions are of vehicle 679 00:28:42,230 --> 00:28:44,690 operating individually with rubber tires 680 00:28:44,690 --> 00:28:47,270 with manual lateral and manual longitudinal control, 681 00:28:47,270 --> 00:28:49,630 so a driver has full control. 682 00:28:49,630 --> 00:28:50,330 Sizes. 683 00:28:50,330 --> 00:28:54,290 They can be small like a minibus can carry 10 to 20 passengers. 684 00:28:54,290 --> 00:28:56,900 And you could go up to bi-articulated carrying 685 00:28:56,900 --> 00:29:00,920 as much as a light rail system, a light rail train, so up 686 00:29:00,920 --> 00:29:02,280 to 250 passengers. 687 00:29:02,280 --> 00:29:05,990 If you at systems like Curitiba in Brazil. 688 00:29:05,990 --> 00:29:08,731 Vehicle design, you can have high floor design or low floor 689 00:29:08,731 --> 00:29:09,230 design. 690 00:29:09,230 --> 00:29:11,880 Can somebody suggest what the difference is 691 00:29:11,880 --> 00:29:15,180 and what the benefit of low floor is? 692 00:29:15,180 --> 00:29:15,680 Eli? 693 00:29:15,680 --> 00:29:18,350 AUDIENCE: Low floor is better for wheelchair accessibility. 694 00:29:18,350 --> 00:29:18,890 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Uh-huh, there's 695 00:29:18,890 --> 00:29:19,556 another benefit. 696 00:29:19,556 --> 00:29:21,170 So one of the benefits of low floor 697 00:29:21,170 --> 00:29:22,994 is wheelchair accessibility. 698 00:29:22,994 --> 00:29:23,660 Another benefit? 699 00:29:23,660 --> 00:29:24,530 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 700 00:29:24,530 --> 00:29:24,860 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Sorry? 701 00:29:24,860 --> 00:29:26,444 AUDIENCE: The boarcding time is lower. 702 00:29:26,444 --> 00:29:28,651 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Shorter dwell times, right? 703 00:29:28,651 --> 00:29:31,190 These people are not climbing stairs to get on the vehicle 704 00:29:31,190 --> 00:29:32,330 or off the vehicle. 705 00:29:32,330 --> 00:29:34,699 You can speed up the process and increase capacity. 706 00:29:34,699 --> 00:29:35,240 Another idea? 707 00:29:35,240 --> 00:29:37,120 AUDIENCE: The ride is more stable? 708 00:29:37,120 --> 00:29:38,453 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Sorry? 709 00:29:38,453 --> 00:29:39,950 AUDIENCE: The ride is more stable. 710 00:29:39,950 --> 00:29:42,241 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: I'm not sure that's the case. 711 00:29:42,241 --> 00:29:45,220 I don't think that has a large impact on-- 712 00:29:45,220 --> 00:29:49,890 yeah, on-- I don't think vehicle design in terms of high floor 713 00:29:49,890 --> 00:29:52,680 or low floor increases stability that much, not 714 00:29:52,680 --> 00:29:56,040 anyway for the speeds at which these buses go. 715 00:29:56,040 --> 00:29:59,450 It's not much of a critical consideration. 716 00:29:59,450 --> 00:30:00,900 OK, right-of-way. 717 00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:02,440 So all options are available. 718 00:30:02,440 --> 00:30:06,330 You could be on the street sharing your lane with cars. 719 00:30:06,330 --> 00:30:08,400 Or you could have a dedicated bus lane 720 00:30:08,400 --> 00:30:11,790 with no signals and preferential treatment 721 00:30:11,790 --> 00:30:14,640 if you have some signals. 722 00:30:14,640 --> 00:30:16,260 So everything goes. 723 00:30:16,260 --> 00:30:19,980 In terms of guidance, often it is manual. 724 00:30:19,980 --> 00:30:22,770 But sometimes you have the systems 725 00:30:22,770 --> 00:30:24,870 to automatically guide the bus. 726 00:30:24,870 --> 00:30:28,500 And we'll see two examples of that later in this lecture. 727 00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:29,197 Propulsion. 728 00:30:29,197 --> 00:30:30,280 All options are available. 729 00:30:30,280 --> 00:30:30,900 You have electric. 730 00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:31,566 You have diesel. 731 00:30:31,566 --> 00:30:34,830 You have hybrid, everything. 732 00:30:34,830 --> 00:30:38,100 And in terms of fare payment, another key decision 733 00:30:38,100 --> 00:30:41,340 if you're thinking of a new bus system in your city 734 00:30:41,340 --> 00:30:43,290 is, do you have the people paying 735 00:30:43,290 --> 00:30:45,900 the fare as they get on the vehicle 736 00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:48,120 or do you want that to-- 737 00:30:48,120 --> 00:30:50,580 do you want that payment to happen outside? 738 00:30:50,580 --> 00:30:54,060 So are you going to make some stations where people 739 00:30:54,060 --> 00:30:56,130 pay their fare and then board without having 740 00:30:56,130 --> 00:30:57,960 to interact with a fare box? 741 00:30:57,960 --> 00:31:00,520 The benefit of the latter is that you speed up 742 00:31:00,520 --> 00:31:01,500 the dwell times. 743 00:31:01,500 --> 00:31:03,120 But of course, you need to spend more 744 00:31:03,120 --> 00:31:07,740 on fare gates or some other means of paying a fare. 745 00:31:10,590 --> 00:31:13,635 AUDIENCE: Is there a benefit to high floor for urban buses? 746 00:31:13,635 --> 00:31:15,010 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: There-- 747 00:31:15,010 --> 00:31:16,530 AUDIENCE: Not intercity coaches. 748 00:31:16,530 --> 00:31:19,320 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: So they are cheaper. 749 00:31:19,320 --> 00:31:20,460 Because it's easier. 750 00:31:20,460 --> 00:31:25,230 You have more space to, right, to put all the mechanical parts 751 00:31:25,230 --> 00:31:27,780 of the bus. 752 00:31:27,780 --> 00:31:30,770 And I'll actually show you in some BRT systems, 753 00:31:30,770 --> 00:31:32,655 like, Curitibas, it is very high floor. 754 00:31:32,655 --> 00:31:33,280 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 755 00:31:33,280 --> 00:31:33,560 [INAUDIBLE] 756 00:31:33,560 --> 00:31:35,976 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: And that's a very high capacity. 757 00:31:35,976 --> 00:31:37,650 So, yeah. 758 00:31:37,650 --> 00:31:39,840 So this is a bus. 759 00:31:39,840 --> 00:31:44,550 This is a traditional 40 foot bus that seats 39 people. 760 00:31:44,550 --> 00:31:47,610 It has capacity for 56 people if you count standees. 761 00:31:47,610 --> 00:31:50,460 You can crush a few more people in. 762 00:31:50,460 --> 00:31:54,870 Here's a double deck, capacity for 70 to 80 people. 763 00:31:54,870 --> 00:31:57,360 The upper deck is for sitting only. 764 00:31:57,360 --> 00:31:59,710 If they see you standing, the driver 765 00:31:59,710 --> 00:32:03,700 will announce that you have to sit down for safety though. 766 00:32:06,650 --> 00:32:08,910 Articulated bus in Bogota. 767 00:32:08,910 --> 00:32:11,420 So now you're getting a bigger size. 768 00:32:11,420 --> 00:32:15,590 You have two sections much like the light rail, the Green Line 769 00:32:15,590 --> 00:32:16,580 vehicle here in Boston. 770 00:32:16,580 --> 00:32:18,140 But this is a bus. 771 00:32:18,140 --> 00:32:22,770 And bi-articulated so you can keep adding sections. 772 00:32:22,770 --> 00:32:24,740 This is the example that I mentioned 773 00:32:24,740 --> 00:32:26,870 where it's a high floor bus. 774 00:32:26,870 --> 00:32:28,430 Notice how high the doors are. 775 00:32:28,430 --> 00:32:32,240 And obviously no one's going to jump from the street 776 00:32:32,240 --> 00:32:34,050 up or down. 777 00:32:34,050 --> 00:32:37,040 These are [INAUDIBLE] at specific stations. 778 00:32:37,040 --> 00:32:38,282 Here's the photo. 779 00:32:38,282 --> 00:32:39,240 These are the stations. 780 00:32:39,240 --> 00:32:41,360 You can see other gates so people 781 00:32:41,360 --> 00:32:44,250 have to enter the stations and pay their fare as they go in. 782 00:32:44,250 --> 00:32:48,110 And, sorry, and then there are these little platforms 783 00:32:48,110 --> 00:32:48,800 that stick out. 784 00:32:48,800 --> 00:32:50,870 The bus stops right in front of those. 785 00:32:50,870 --> 00:32:53,680 And the doors open wide much like a Metro 786 00:32:53,680 --> 00:32:57,950 door will open very quickly to allow level boarding. 787 00:32:57,950 --> 00:33:03,830 So this [INAUDIBLE] of BRT, bus rapid transit, 788 00:33:03,830 --> 00:33:06,930 with all the features of bus rapid transit. 789 00:33:06,930 --> 00:33:13,080 So you have [INAUDIBLE] link, fare collection. 790 00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:15,140 You have very wide doors. 791 00:33:15,140 --> 00:33:17,000 So it behaves like a rail system. 792 00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:20,620 But it's buses that are serving it. 793 00:33:20,620 --> 00:33:21,900 Were there some questions? 794 00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:24,980 I saw some hands. 795 00:33:24,980 --> 00:33:25,980 Perhaps I answered them. 796 00:33:25,980 --> 00:33:27,170 OK. 797 00:33:27,170 --> 00:33:30,550 Now a minibus, a very small minibus. 798 00:33:30,550 --> 00:33:34,370 So, if there were a cute bus, perhaps this is it, right? 799 00:33:34,370 --> 00:33:37,640 So this is in Avignon, France. 800 00:33:37,640 --> 00:33:42,950 It says free service one bus every six minutes 801 00:33:42,950 --> 00:33:48,080 from 7:30 to 7:30 from Monday to Saturday. 802 00:33:48,080 --> 00:33:51,800 So this probably sits 10 people about. 803 00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:57,160 So here's [INAUDIBLE] Cambridgeshire busway 804 00:33:57,160 --> 00:33:58,690 in the UK. 805 00:33:58,690 --> 00:34:00,220 This is automatically guided. 806 00:34:00,220 --> 00:34:03,934 So the bus has the mechanical arm 807 00:34:03,934 --> 00:34:05,350 that sticks in front of the wheels 808 00:34:05,350 --> 00:34:07,900 or behind the wheels with a curb. 809 00:34:07,900 --> 00:34:12,250 And it sort of holds laterally against the, 810 00:34:12,250 --> 00:34:14,110 these edges of concrete. 811 00:34:14,110 --> 00:34:17,139 And so if that guideway turn, the steering wheel 812 00:34:17,139 --> 00:34:18,650 will also turn. 813 00:34:18,650 --> 00:34:19,780 That make sense? 814 00:34:19,780 --> 00:34:22,929 The benefit of this is that you can run quick. 815 00:34:22,929 --> 00:34:27,370 You can sort of operate at high speed through narrow sections. 816 00:34:27,370 --> 00:34:29,340 This is more useful in tunnels. 817 00:34:29,340 --> 00:34:32,110 So, for example, the Silver Line here in Boston 818 00:34:32,110 --> 00:34:36,317 could operate much faster if it had that system to guide it. 819 00:34:40,610 --> 00:34:41,489 OK. 820 00:34:41,489 --> 00:34:43,889 Here's another system for guidance. 821 00:34:43,889 --> 00:34:48,150 Can somebody tell me how this works? 822 00:34:48,150 --> 00:34:50,508 It goes back to what Emily said earlier. 823 00:34:50,508 --> 00:34:52,420 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 824 00:34:52,420 --> 00:34:52,520 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: What? 825 00:34:52,520 --> 00:34:52,980 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 826 00:34:52,980 --> 00:34:55,105 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Do you notice these lines 827 00:34:55,105 --> 00:34:55,810 on the floor? 828 00:34:55,810 --> 00:34:58,790 So there's a camera looking down right in front. 829 00:34:58,790 --> 00:35:02,370 And it's-- this camera is program to automatically steer 830 00:35:02,370 --> 00:35:07,270 the bus such that it remains along that line. 831 00:35:07,270 --> 00:35:11,280 So the lateral control of the bus in [INAUDIBLE] it 832 00:35:11,280 --> 00:35:13,561 runs in France. 833 00:35:13,561 --> 00:35:15,561 It is fully automatic. 834 00:35:18,030 --> 00:35:18,530 Eli? 835 00:35:18,530 --> 00:35:20,155 AUDIENCE: What's the advantage of that? 836 00:35:20,155 --> 00:35:22,140 Like [INAUDIBLE] dedicated [INAUDIBLE] 837 00:35:22,140 --> 00:35:24,015 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: You can [INAUDIBLE] 838 00:35:24,015 --> 00:35:26,520 this is a pretty narrow section if we're going both ways. 839 00:35:26,520 --> 00:35:33,230 So [INAUDIBLE] computers are better at controlling things, 840 00:35:33,230 --> 00:35:33,730 so-- 841 00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:38,420 and we could highlight other features 842 00:35:38,420 --> 00:35:42,780 like this sign here saying when the buses are coming. 843 00:35:42,780 --> 00:35:46,759 And so this is a nicer bus system 844 00:35:46,759 --> 00:35:47,800 with elements of the BRT. 845 00:35:50,324 --> 00:35:52,240 That's another comment I want [INAUDIBLE] BRT. 846 00:35:52,240 --> 00:35:57,750 BRT is-- the full BRT is much like [INAUDIBLE] example 847 00:35:57,750 --> 00:36:00,050 I showed you, but especially in North America 848 00:36:00,050 --> 00:36:03,920 and actually all over the world, agencies 849 00:36:03,920 --> 00:36:07,700 are taking elements of BRT and applying somewhat selectively. 850 00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:11,060 Sometimes they call it BRT even so they take 851 00:36:11,060 --> 00:36:13,640 the branding of BRT into it. 852 00:36:13,640 --> 00:36:15,740 Hopefully, it's more than just the branding 853 00:36:15,740 --> 00:36:19,267 and they've taken other [INAUDIBLE] 854 00:36:19,267 --> 00:36:22,214 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] what happens 855 00:36:22,214 --> 00:36:24,870 when the lines get dirty or there's snow? 856 00:36:24,870 --> 00:36:27,180 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, yeah, I don't know. 857 00:36:27,180 --> 00:36:32,100 I imagine you have to clean and repaint the lines often. 858 00:36:32,100 --> 00:36:34,250 Or you have to take control. 859 00:36:34,250 --> 00:36:34,750 Yeah. 860 00:36:34,750 --> 00:36:35,702 AUDIENCE: --radar. 861 00:36:35,702 --> 00:36:37,077 AUDIENCE: Other places where they 862 00:36:37,077 --> 00:36:39,880 put actually like coils in the ground and then touch that. 863 00:36:39,880 --> 00:36:40,630 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 864 00:36:40,630 --> 00:36:41,130 Yeah. 865 00:36:44,220 --> 00:36:44,820 OK. 866 00:36:44,820 --> 00:36:45,986 Let's talk about light rail. 867 00:36:45,986 --> 00:36:48,270 So stereotypical description of light rail. 868 00:36:48,270 --> 00:36:51,240 Vehicles operating individually or in short trains 869 00:36:51,240 --> 00:36:54,480 with electric motors and overhead power collectors, 870 00:36:54,480 --> 00:36:58,150 steel wheel on steel rail with manual or automatic signal 871 00:36:58,150 --> 00:36:59,350 control. 872 00:36:59,350 --> 00:37:01,470 So if you were a consultant and you 873 00:37:01,470 --> 00:37:05,880 were thinking about [INAUDIBLE] about what, how 874 00:37:05,880 --> 00:37:09,749 you were deciding on the key aspects of a new system, 875 00:37:09,749 --> 00:37:11,290 you could think about vehicle design. 876 00:37:11,290 --> 00:37:13,620 Are you going to make it high floor or low floor? 877 00:37:13,620 --> 00:37:15,360 So some vehicles here in the Green Line 878 00:37:15,360 --> 00:37:16,950 are-- we have both on the Green Line. 879 00:37:16,950 --> 00:37:18,241 I don't know if you've noticed. 880 00:37:18,241 --> 00:37:19,680 The older ones are high floor. 881 00:37:19,680 --> 00:37:22,010 You have to go upstairs to enter the vehicle. 882 00:37:22,010 --> 00:37:26,370 And the more-- the newer ones are low floor. 883 00:37:26,370 --> 00:37:31,330 You could have articulated or rigid body vehicles. 884 00:37:31,330 --> 00:37:34,530 Right-of-way, we have an option just for bus. 885 00:37:34,530 --> 00:37:38,470 And you also have a fully automated to manually 886 00:37:38,470 --> 00:37:40,303 [INAUDIBLE] or things in between. 887 00:37:44,940 --> 00:37:48,160 And here are some examples. 888 00:37:48,160 --> 00:37:54,450 We have-- this is in Utah, so the TRAX, T-R- A-X. 889 00:37:54,450 --> 00:37:56,610 And this one goes through, I believe 890 00:37:56,610 --> 00:38:00,420 this is an intersection where cars can cross. 891 00:38:00,420 --> 00:38:04,700 So it's sharing some aspects of its right of way. 892 00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:09,090 Here's the Metro Blue Line in Minneapolis. 893 00:38:09,090 --> 00:38:11,460 Both of these take power electrically 894 00:38:11,460 --> 00:38:16,540 from overhead catenaries as you see here. 895 00:38:16,540 --> 00:38:18,612 But the third, well, no, not the third. 896 00:38:18,612 --> 00:38:19,820 Here we also have catenaries. 897 00:38:19,820 --> 00:38:26,320 That's Here is the fourth example I have of light rail 898 00:38:26,320 --> 00:38:28,910 it has no catenaries. 899 00:38:28,910 --> 00:38:34,390 So this is a more modern system for powering light rail 900 00:38:34,390 --> 00:38:37,750 that actually stereotypical description. 901 00:38:37,750 --> 00:38:41,294 So does somebody know how this works? 902 00:38:41,294 --> 00:38:44,100 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] it has-- you can see three lines. 903 00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:46,100 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: There are three lines. 904 00:38:46,100 --> 00:38:47,349 So these two are for guidance. 905 00:38:47,349 --> 00:38:47,980 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 906 00:38:47,980 --> 00:38:49,030 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: And there's one in the middle. 907 00:38:49,030 --> 00:38:49,870 AUDIENCE: Then one is for power. 908 00:38:49,870 --> 00:38:51,310 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: That's the third rail. 909 00:38:51,310 --> 00:38:53,726 So how do you prevent people from electrocuting themselves 910 00:38:53,726 --> 00:38:54,700 when they walk. 911 00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:57,190 Because typically in Metro systems a third rail, 912 00:38:57,190 --> 00:39:00,601 it's [INAUDIBLE] Yeah. 913 00:39:00,601 --> 00:39:01,100 Huh? 914 00:39:01,100 --> 00:39:03,344 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] induction maybe? 915 00:39:03,344 --> 00:39:05,135 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: No, it's contact. 916 00:39:05,135 --> 00:39:06,700 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 917 00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:07,991 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Nope. 918 00:39:07,991 --> 00:39:09,250 It has to be-- 919 00:39:09,250 --> 00:39:11,350 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 920 00:39:11,350 --> 00:39:11,620 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: [INAUDIBLE] 921 00:39:11,620 --> 00:39:13,370 AUDIENCE: It's in short insulated sections 922 00:39:13,370 --> 00:39:15,640 that are only active when the vehicle is going. 923 00:39:15,640 --> 00:39:15,920 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: And they're 924 00:39:15,920 --> 00:39:17,020 electronically controlled. 925 00:39:17,020 --> 00:39:21,670 So the head and the tail of the train 926 00:39:21,670 --> 00:39:24,280 emits some signals that say, I'm over you. 927 00:39:24,280 --> 00:39:27,010 Open, like, turn the turn the section on. 928 00:39:27,010 --> 00:39:31,240 And only the section that is under the vehicle is powered. 929 00:39:31,240 --> 00:39:34,240 The rest of it is disconnected. 930 00:39:34,240 --> 00:39:36,130 So it's prettier. 931 00:39:36,130 --> 00:39:38,300 Because you don't have these overhead catenaries 932 00:39:38,300 --> 00:39:41,020 that are somewhat unsightly taking space. 933 00:39:41,020 --> 00:39:42,400 Over in the back? 934 00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:43,420 Sorry. 935 00:39:43,420 --> 00:39:45,430 This is in Bordeaux in France. 936 00:39:45,430 --> 00:39:48,090 AUDIENCE: So is it also cheaper because it's 937 00:39:48,090 --> 00:39:49,522 in the ground [INAUDIBLE] 938 00:39:49,522 --> 00:39:50,980 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: I don't-- 939 00:39:50,980 --> 00:39:53,440 I can imagine that it's more expensive actually. 940 00:39:53,440 --> 00:39:56,240 But I can't say for sure. 941 00:39:56,240 --> 00:39:59,840 It's getting-- you know, when this started it was a new thing 942 00:39:59,840 --> 00:40:04,550 and there were issues with [INAUDIBLE] and other things. 943 00:40:04,550 --> 00:40:06,570 It's getting more widespread. 944 00:40:06,570 --> 00:40:09,560 And I think they've solved a lot of [INAUDIBLE] 945 00:40:09,560 --> 00:40:11,930 It's becoming more common, so I imagine that the cost 946 00:40:11,930 --> 00:40:14,270 will go down with that. 947 00:40:14,270 --> 00:40:16,524 AUDIENCE: Back in the '50s and before New York and DC 948 00:40:16,524 --> 00:40:18,190 wouldn't allow overhead so they actually 949 00:40:18,190 --> 00:40:21,540 had clouds that if they had conduits in the ground, 950 00:40:21,540 --> 00:40:22,750 they had to have [INAUDIBLE] 951 00:40:22,750 --> 00:40:24,833 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, underground, yeah. 952 00:40:29,440 --> 00:40:30,680 All right. 953 00:40:30,680 --> 00:40:32,840 Stereotypical description of heavy rail. 954 00:40:32,840 --> 00:40:35,030 Vehicles operating in trains with electric motors 955 00:40:35,030 --> 00:40:37,850 on fully separated right of way with manual signal 956 00:40:37,850 --> 00:40:40,520 or automatic longitudinal control, level boarding 957 00:40:40,520 --> 00:40:42,830 and off-vehicle fare payment. 958 00:40:42,830 --> 00:40:44,810 So Metro, right? 959 00:40:44,810 --> 00:40:46,460 If you were designing a Metro system, 960 00:40:46,460 --> 00:40:49,190 what would be your key decisions? 961 00:40:49,190 --> 00:40:50,990 You would think about train length. 962 00:40:50,990 --> 00:40:52,400 How long will my train be? 963 00:40:52,400 --> 00:40:54,530 It can't be longer than your platform. 964 00:40:54,530 --> 00:40:57,620 So your station assigned has to go with this. 965 00:40:57,620 --> 00:40:59,600 If you have old stations and you're 966 00:40:59,600 --> 00:41:03,500 having a capacity problem, you can't just buy longer trains. 967 00:41:03,500 --> 00:41:08,720 Some system allow for the last car to remain, 968 00:41:08,720 --> 00:41:10,340 at least the last door of the last car 969 00:41:10,340 --> 00:41:12,380 to remain in the tunnel. 970 00:41:12,380 --> 00:41:13,980 In London you see that. 971 00:41:13,980 --> 00:41:18,470 So a [INAUDIBLE] station saying, if you're 972 00:41:18,470 --> 00:41:20,690 in the rear of the car, move to the front, 973 00:41:20,690 --> 00:41:25,350 because we're entering a shorter segment. 974 00:41:25,350 --> 00:41:26,400 So that's one of them. 975 00:41:26,400 --> 00:41:28,340 The other things that could limit the length 976 00:41:28,340 --> 00:41:32,990 are turning radius radii, but that's not usually 977 00:41:32,990 --> 00:41:34,160 a problem with Metro. 978 00:41:34,160 --> 00:41:39,060 Because Metro doesn't usually have very tight curves. 979 00:41:39,060 --> 00:41:39,560 OK. 980 00:41:39,560 --> 00:41:40,580 Right of way. 981 00:41:40,580 --> 00:41:42,430 So you could have it at-grade. 982 00:41:42,430 --> 00:41:45,270 If you have it at-grade that means that if you want cars 983 00:41:45,270 --> 00:41:50,480 to cross under or over, you have to do a tunnel or an overpass. 984 00:41:50,480 --> 00:41:53,450 Elevated, [INAUDIBLE] you were making the overpass kind 985 00:41:53,450 --> 00:41:57,200 of over a long stretch for the train and allowing-- 986 00:41:57,200 --> 00:42:01,580 keeping your streets as they are and a tunnel [INAUDIBLE] 987 00:42:01,580 --> 00:42:02,910 well [INAUDIBLE]. 988 00:42:02,910 --> 00:42:05,600 The Tren Urbano in Puerto Rico has all three types 989 00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:09,710 of right of ways. 990 00:42:09,710 --> 00:42:12,740 Station spacing is another consideration. 991 00:42:12,740 --> 00:42:14,730 If you space stations out-- 992 00:42:14,730 --> 00:42:17,240 if you have longer distance between stations that means 993 00:42:17,240 --> 00:42:20,150 you can cover a longer distance faster. 994 00:42:20,150 --> 00:42:22,700 But that means that people have to walk longer 995 00:42:22,700 --> 00:42:25,920 to their final origin or their, sorry, 996 00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:29,050 their first-- the real origin or their real destination. 997 00:42:29,050 --> 00:42:31,640 And their at both ends of the trip. 998 00:42:31,640 --> 00:42:33,230 And then operating arrangements. 999 00:42:33,230 --> 00:42:36,740 We talked about the different blocking systems and control 1000 00:42:36,740 --> 00:42:37,310 systems. 1001 00:42:37,310 --> 00:42:39,950 Do you want this to be driven by a human 1002 00:42:39,950 --> 00:42:43,900 or will a computer be taking over? 1003 00:42:43,900 --> 00:42:45,840 So questions about this? 1004 00:42:45,840 --> 00:42:46,420 Yeah? 1005 00:42:46,420 --> 00:42:48,753 AUDIENCE: So the difference between heavy and light rail 1006 00:42:48,753 --> 00:42:52,210 is it as simple as just heavy and light rail or-- 1007 00:42:52,210 --> 00:42:53,710 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: No, it has 1008 00:42:53,710 --> 00:42:56,590 nothing to do with whether-- with the weight 1009 00:42:56,590 --> 00:42:58,240 of the vehicle for sure. 1010 00:42:58,240 --> 00:43:02,620 So, but again, and stereotypes-- 1011 00:43:02,620 --> 00:43:04,972 AUDIENCE: Well, not of the vehicle but [INAUDIBLE] 1012 00:43:04,972 --> 00:43:06,192 the type of vehicle. 1013 00:43:06,192 --> 00:43:08,150 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, [INAUDIBLE] no. 1014 00:43:08,150 --> 00:43:10,590 But stereotypically yes because you 1015 00:43:10,590 --> 00:43:13,425 have streetcars, which are the track is kind of embedded-- 1016 00:43:13,425 --> 00:43:14,190 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 1017 00:43:14,190 --> 00:43:15,840 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: --on the-- and narrower kind 1018 00:43:15,840 --> 00:43:16,548 of on the ground. 1019 00:43:16,548 --> 00:43:18,270 And then these heavy rail systems 1020 00:43:18,270 --> 00:43:20,940 tend to have a third rail and sort of wider gauge. 1021 00:43:20,940 --> 00:43:22,770 It's for higher capacity. 1022 00:43:22,770 --> 00:43:24,930 So here's an example. 1023 00:43:24,930 --> 00:43:28,200 This is-- is this Beijing or Shanghai? 1024 00:43:28,200 --> 00:43:29,460 AUDIENCE: Beijing [INAUDIBLE] 1025 00:43:29,460 --> 00:43:31,170 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 1026 00:43:31,170 --> 00:43:32,040 Yeah, Beijing. 1027 00:43:32,040 --> 00:43:33,430 Line 4 in Beijing. 1028 00:43:33,430 --> 00:43:36,070 And you can see here, so platform screen doors. 1029 00:43:36,070 --> 00:43:38,260 So these will only open when a train is there. 1030 00:43:38,260 --> 00:43:39,640 And it protects people from being 1031 00:43:39,640 --> 00:43:43,750 pushed into the track, which could happen by accident 1032 00:43:43,750 --> 00:43:46,480 or a person trying to commit suicide, which is actually 1033 00:43:46,480 --> 00:43:49,880 a big problem for Metro operators. 1034 00:43:49,880 --> 00:43:50,431 Yeah? 1035 00:43:50,431 --> 00:43:53,020 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] you mentioned, 1036 00:43:53,020 --> 00:43:59,030 do they control the door of the last car [INAUDIBLE] so-- 1037 00:43:59,030 --> 00:44:00,280 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yes. 1038 00:44:00,280 --> 00:44:01,120 AUDIENCE: --they open-- 1039 00:44:01,120 --> 00:44:03,203 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: They don't open the door 1040 00:44:03,203 --> 00:44:06,190 that is not-- yeah, yeah. 1041 00:44:06,190 --> 00:44:09,190 Only open doors that are right in front of a platform screen 1042 00:44:09,190 --> 00:44:11,870 door if that makes sense. 1043 00:44:11,870 --> 00:44:14,730 And it's hard to align the train very well. 1044 00:44:14,730 --> 00:44:18,420 So you often have these, with a computer controlling the train, 1045 00:44:18,420 --> 00:44:22,922 to stop precisely where the doors are. 1046 00:44:22,922 --> 00:44:25,192 AUDIENCE: Do you know a system of how 1047 00:44:25,192 --> 00:44:31,815 they choose the doors, which one will be open them? 1048 00:44:31,815 --> 00:44:33,190 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, I 1049 00:44:33,190 --> 00:44:34,990 mean it's just based on-- the train 1050 00:44:34,990 --> 00:44:37,660 will stop so that its first door aligns with the first platform 1051 00:44:37,660 --> 00:44:38,350 screen door. 1052 00:44:38,350 --> 00:44:39,910 And everything else just follows. 1053 00:44:39,910 --> 00:44:40,882 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1054 00:44:40,882 --> 00:44:41,368 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Huh? 1055 00:44:41,368 --> 00:44:43,804 AUDIENCE: I think he means with the control system back here. 1056 00:44:43,804 --> 00:44:45,345 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: [INAUDIBLE] 1057 00:44:45,345 --> 00:44:47,320 what communication happens exactly? 1058 00:44:47,320 --> 00:44:49,090 I don't know the details of each system. 1059 00:44:49,090 --> 00:44:50,770 It might be a little [INAUDIBLE] yeah. 1060 00:44:53,530 --> 00:44:55,490 This is [INAUDIBLE]. 1061 00:44:55,490 --> 00:44:57,460 This is an elevated section. 1062 00:44:57,460 --> 00:45:00,700 You see the third rail right here carrying the power. 1063 00:45:05,370 --> 00:45:05,914 Power. 1064 00:45:05,914 --> 00:45:07,830 Let's have a quick aside and talk about power. 1065 00:45:10,350 --> 00:45:18,600 There are two electric sort of categories of [INAUDIBLE] rail 1066 00:45:18,600 --> 00:45:23,610 is most likely [INAUDIBLE] volt direct current power. 1067 00:45:26,430 --> 00:45:32,000 And systems that are longer [INAUDIBLE] 1068 00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:34,980 alternating current at 25 kilovolts, so much higher 1069 00:45:34,980 --> 00:45:35,480 voltage. 1070 00:45:38,090 --> 00:45:40,880 Any ideas about the trade-offs between these two 1071 00:45:40,880 --> 00:45:45,840 or when would you use one over the other? 1072 00:45:45,840 --> 00:45:48,687 AUDIENCE: Third rail at low speeds? 1073 00:45:48,687 --> 00:45:50,020 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Maybe. 1074 00:45:50,020 --> 00:45:54,100 But more than lower speeds, it's shorter distances. 1075 00:45:54,100 --> 00:45:55,200 So why? 1076 00:45:58,602 --> 00:45:59,741 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1077 00:45:59,741 --> 00:46:01,032 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah? 1078 00:46:01,032 --> 00:46:04,132 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1079 00:46:04,132 --> 00:46:06,090 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: So, if you're-- yeah, 1080 00:46:06,090 --> 00:46:08,790 so if you're in a tunnel, the tunnel construction will be 1081 00:46:08,790 --> 00:46:14,130 more expensive if you have to fit in a catenary and space 1082 00:46:14,130 --> 00:46:17,621 for the pick-up, right? 1083 00:46:17,621 --> 00:46:18,120 What else? 1084 00:46:18,120 --> 00:46:19,356 [INAUDIBLE]? 1085 00:46:19,356 --> 00:46:20,740 AUDIENCE: I think a lot of it has 1086 00:46:20,740 --> 00:46:22,990 to do with where you have to build substations 1087 00:46:22,990 --> 00:46:24,430 and how power is transmitted. 1088 00:46:24,430 --> 00:46:24,970 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: And that 1089 00:46:24,970 --> 00:46:26,800 is-- that is the key difference. 1090 00:46:26,800 --> 00:46:27,380 Yeah, so-- 1091 00:46:27,380 --> 00:46:28,330 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] power is a lot easier to transfer 1092 00:46:28,330 --> 00:46:28,680 [INAUDIBLE] 1093 00:46:28,680 --> 00:46:30,013 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Right. 1094 00:46:30,013 --> 00:46:32,930 AUDIENCE: --distances but the cost--it probably cost more 1095 00:46:32,930 --> 00:46:33,430 to-- 1096 00:46:33,430 --> 00:46:34,790 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: To maintain the system. 1097 00:46:34,790 --> 00:46:35,289 Right. 1098 00:46:35,289 --> 00:46:40,664 OK, so AC power, well, you can change the voltage 1099 00:46:40,664 --> 00:46:41,580 on the current, right? 1100 00:46:41,580 --> 00:46:43,260 So you can make it very high voltage. 1101 00:46:43,260 --> 00:46:46,830 And that means that it's easy and cheaper to transmit over 1102 00:46:46,830 --> 00:46:48,060 longer distances. 1103 00:46:48,060 --> 00:46:50,460 So whenever you have intercity trains, 1104 00:46:50,460 --> 00:46:57,120 almost always they will be overhead high voltage AC. 1105 00:46:57,120 --> 00:47:01,200 For subways, shorter distances, tunnels, 1106 00:47:01,200 --> 00:47:04,320 you don't want to have transformers everywhere. 1107 00:47:04,320 --> 00:47:06,810 And the other problem with high voltage 1108 00:47:06,810 --> 00:47:10,980 is that it arcs more easily between two pieces of metal. 1109 00:47:10,980 --> 00:47:15,000 So in a subway sys-- in a subway train like this, 1110 00:47:15,000 --> 00:47:19,680 you don't have much space between underneath the train 1111 00:47:19,680 --> 00:47:22,870 to fit things in with proper electrical isolation. 1112 00:47:22,870 --> 00:47:26,640 So if it's an intercity train, it's higher floor. 1113 00:47:26,640 --> 00:47:28,080 You have more space. 1114 00:47:28,080 --> 00:47:31,240 But if it's a Metro system, often you have less space. 1115 00:47:31,240 --> 00:47:37,230 So if it's DC inside the train and you 1116 00:47:37,230 --> 00:47:40,890 don't need transformers [INAUDIBLE] 1117 00:47:40,890 --> 00:47:43,740 at very short intervals in your system. 1118 00:47:43,740 --> 00:47:46,830 Yeah, so that was a short parenthesis. 1119 00:47:46,830 --> 00:47:49,260 Commuter rail is another kind of rail system. 1120 00:47:49,260 --> 00:47:50,940 So the stereotypical description. 1121 00:47:50,940 --> 00:47:53,950 Vehicles operating in trains with long station spacing. 1122 00:47:53,950 --> 00:47:56,610 This frequently. 1123 00:47:56,610 --> 00:47:59,050 Serving long trips into the central city. 1124 00:47:59,050 --> 00:48:01,710 There's usually a large balance between peak hour 1125 00:48:01,710 --> 00:48:04,250 and off-peak service. 1126 00:48:04,250 --> 00:48:08,760 So commuter rail to bring people into work in the morning 1127 00:48:08,760 --> 00:48:13,350 and out of work [INAUDIBLE] in [INAUDIBLE] afternoon. 1128 00:48:13,350 --> 00:48:16,350 So you often have service every hour 1129 00:48:16,350 --> 00:48:18,720 or every two hours in the middle of the day. 1130 00:48:18,720 --> 00:48:22,680 It's on the sign for frequent service. 1131 00:48:22,680 --> 00:48:24,210 Your key decision-- the decisions 1132 00:48:24,210 --> 00:48:26,800 are fare collection strategies. 1133 00:48:26,800 --> 00:48:28,750 Are you going to put gates on the whole system 1134 00:48:28,750 --> 00:48:30,590 as if it were a Metro system? 1135 00:48:30,590 --> 00:48:32,800 Are you going to have paper tickets? 1136 00:48:32,800 --> 00:48:36,610 Some systems are moving towards mobile phone ticketing 1137 00:48:36,610 --> 00:48:40,150 where you buy something that flashes in colors 1138 00:48:40,150 --> 00:48:43,210 and proves that you've bought a valid pass. 1139 00:48:43,210 --> 00:48:46,920 So different strategies for fare collection. 1140 00:48:46,920 --> 00:48:50,040 Line length, how long-- how far out from the city center 1141 00:48:50,040 --> 00:48:53,100 are you going to lay track and provide service? 1142 00:48:53,100 --> 00:48:55,060 Are you going to through route in the CBD? 1143 00:48:55,060 --> 00:48:58,020 That is, is the train going to only get to the CBD 1144 00:48:58,020 --> 00:48:59,070 and turn back? 1145 00:48:59,070 --> 00:49:01,050 Or are you going to cross the city 1146 00:49:01,050 --> 00:49:05,460 and provide service on the other side 1147 00:49:05,460 --> 00:49:07,860 having crossed the [INAUDIBLE]? 1148 00:49:07,860 --> 00:49:09,240 That's pretty critical actually. 1149 00:49:09,240 --> 00:49:13,020 Because it's commuter rail is very directional. 1150 00:49:13,020 --> 00:49:17,010 So if you don't have a place near the city 1151 00:49:17,010 --> 00:49:19,530 to store your trains after you have inbound service, 1152 00:49:19,530 --> 00:49:22,060 you'd have to then take them out. 1153 00:49:22,060 --> 00:49:25,820 So you're running trips that cost you money to operate, 1154 00:49:25,820 --> 00:49:27,307 and we're not serving many trips. 1155 00:49:27,307 --> 00:49:28,890 So if you have through routing and you 1156 00:49:28,890 --> 00:49:32,500 have a yard close to the city center, 1157 00:49:32,500 --> 00:49:35,690 it might make more sense. 1158 00:49:35,690 --> 00:49:39,920 Station spacing is another issue and extent of parking capacity. 1159 00:49:39,920 --> 00:49:40,730 Why parking? 1160 00:49:40,730 --> 00:49:46,580 Because commuter rail is often accessed with a park and ride 1161 00:49:46,580 --> 00:49:47,520 service, right? 1162 00:49:47,520 --> 00:49:51,260 So you're usually-- you drive to a commuter rail station. 1163 00:49:51,260 --> 00:49:52,520 You park there. 1164 00:49:52,520 --> 00:49:54,200 And then you take the commuter rail. 1165 00:49:57,300 --> 00:49:58,755 Questions on commuter rail? 1166 00:50:03,680 --> 00:50:04,180 OK. 1167 00:50:04,180 --> 00:50:05,070 Some examples. 1168 00:50:05,070 --> 00:50:08,850 [INAUDIBLE] this [INAUDIBLE] diesel. 1169 00:50:08,850 --> 00:50:12,290 So in some sections it runs on diesel. 1170 00:50:12,290 --> 00:50:17,800 As it gets closer to the city center, it uses electric power. 1171 00:50:17,800 --> 00:50:20,170 Here's Mumbai. 1172 00:50:20,170 --> 00:50:21,850 This one has a catenary. 1173 00:50:21,850 --> 00:50:25,932 So it's taking power from these catenaries. 1174 00:50:25,932 --> 00:50:27,795 This is GO Transit in Toronto. 1175 00:50:30,510 --> 00:50:34,149 This is typical of commuter rail having two levels, two decks, 1176 00:50:34,149 --> 00:50:34,940 fit more people in. 1177 00:50:39,370 --> 00:50:40,550 OK. 1178 00:50:40,550 --> 00:50:44,070 So what are the traditional service concepts? 1179 00:50:44,070 --> 00:50:45,990 Bus on shared right of way. 1180 00:50:45,990 --> 00:50:50,300 Street car or let's say light rail on a shared right-of-way. 1181 00:50:50,300 --> 00:50:52,430 Heavy rail on exclusive right of way. 1182 00:50:52,430 --> 00:50:55,100 And then commuter or regional rail on something 1183 00:50:55,100 --> 00:50:58,250 that is semi-exclusive or exclusive right of way. 1184 00:50:58,250 --> 00:51:03,460 Sometimes commuter rail shares the segments with freight. 1185 00:51:03,460 --> 00:51:07,560 So-- and that's it's semi-exclusive. 1186 00:51:07,560 --> 00:51:09,610 Newer service concepts, BRT. 1187 00:51:09,610 --> 00:51:14,800 So we're looking at using buses to operate something that 1188 00:51:14,800 --> 00:51:19,840 is more akin to light rail or even to lighter 1189 00:51:19,840 --> 00:51:22,390 heavy rail, if you want. 1190 00:51:22,390 --> 00:51:26,020 So including exclusive lanes and or transit signal priority 1191 00:51:26,020 --> 00:51:30,520 where the signals turn green when one of these vehicles 1192 00:51:30,520 --> 00:51:34,255 approaches to not delay the vehicle [INAUDIBLE].. 1193 00:51:34,255 --> 00:51:36,820 And then light rail on exclusive right-of-way, 1194 00:51:36,820 --> 00:51:38,725 which makes it more like heavy rail 1195 00:51:38,725 --> 00:51:41,350 if you look at the stereotypical descriptions that we had here. 1196 00:51:46,460 --> 00:51:46,960 OK. 1197 00:51:46,960 --> 00:51:48,085 And what else is happening? 1198 00:51:48,085 --> 00:51:49,580 Increasing diversity. 1199 00:51:49,580 --> 00:51:51,320 Driver arrangements. 1200 00:51:51,320 --> 00:51:57,130 Instead of having people hiring part-timers to cover the peaks 1201 00:51:57,130 --> 00:52:01,890 or having 10-hour days but not five days a week. 1202 00:52:01,890 --> 00:52:04,960 And then payment by vehicle type so you 1203 00:52:04,960 --> 00:52:09,850 as much for [INAUDIBLE] for a heavy rail car as you 1204 00:52:09,850 --> 00:52:11,020 would for a bus. 1205 00:52:11,020 --> 00:52:14,050 So let's go back to part-timers and 10-hour days. 1206 00:52:14,050 --> 00:52:17,300 Why are these [INAUDIBLE] help increase 1207 00:52:17,300 --> 00:52:19,850 the efficiency, [INAUDIBLE] efficiency, 1208 00:52:19,850 --> 00:52:23,940 of a bus or a rail system? 1209 00:52:23,940 --> 00:52:25,128 Why is that necessary? 1210 00:52:28,620 --> 00:52:31,230 AUDIENCE: Like as people that just work in a peak period 1211 00:52:31,230 --> 00:52:32,250 where you need more-- 1212 00:52:32,250 --> 00:52:34,260 if you're operating more of your fleet 1213 00:52:34,260 --> 00:52:36,510 but if you don't actually need them for the whole day. 1214 00:52:36,510 --> 00:52:36,900 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: OK. 1215 00:52:36,900 --> 00:52:38,640 So that would be for part-timers, right? 1216 00:52:38,640 --> 00:52:39,140 AUDIENCE: Yeah, part-timers. 1217 00:52:39,140 --> 00:52:39,750 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, so you 1218 00:52:39,750 --> 00:52:42,870 might need more to run more service only at the peaks. 1219 00:52:42,870 --> 00:52:44,430 And the peaks are not long enough. 1220 00:52:44,430 --> 00:52:47,772 They're also not-- they're also not spaced-- 1221 00:52:47,772 --> 00:52:49,980 they're kind of spaced eight hours apart aren't they? 1222 00:52:49,980 --> 00:52:51,930 So an eight-hour day doesn't really 1223 00:52:51,930 --> 00:52:53,700 work to cover both peaks. 1224 00:52:53,700 --> 00:52:57,120 So that's why you can do that by hiring part-timers 1225 00:52:57,120 --> 00:53:01,080 or by extending the day to get 10 hours and cover both peaks. 1226 00:53:04,270 --> 00:53:04,770 OK. 1227 00:53:04,770 --> 00:53:05,760 Routing and scheduling. 1228 00:53:05,760 --> 00:53:10,790 So fixed, flexible, advanced booking. 1229 00:53:10,790 --> 00:53:13,530 Yeah, so vehicle types. 1230 00:53:13,530 --> 00:53:18,180 We have all these minibuses, articulated buses, rail cars, 1231 00:53:18,180 --> 00:53:19,860 bi-level rail cars, low floor. 1232 00:53:19,860 --> 00:53:21,510 We saw some examples. 1233 00:53:21,510 --> 00:53:22,445 Control options. 1234 00:53:22,445 --> 00:53:23,820 Traditionally it was fixed block. 1235 00:53:23,820 --> 00:53:25,490 But now we have moving block. 1236 00:53:25,490 --> 00:53:27,660 And we have fancier systems [INAUDIBLE] 1237 00:53:27,660 --> 00:53:29,460 collisions and to actually control 1238 00:53:29,460 --> 00:53:34,410 the system to run faster and more even headway. 1239 00:53:34,410 --> 00:53:36,320 And you have dual mode operations. 1240 00:53:36,320 --> 00:53:39,690 So bus systems or light rail systems 1241 00:53:39,690 --> 00:53:43,380 that work more like buses but also more like 1242 00:53:43,380 --> 00:53:44,980 rails in some segments. 1243 00:53:44,980 --> 00:53:49,950 So in some cases, this dual mode has more to do with power. 1244 00:53:49,950 --> 00:53:54,390 So it could be a bus that runs electric in a tunnel section 1245 00:53:54,390 --> 00:53:57,570 but runs diesel [INAUDIBLE] tunnel section like the Silver 1246 00:53:57,570 --> 00:53:59,775 Line here in Boston. 1247 00:53:59,775 --> 00:54:02,370 It could be having some sort of [INAUDIBLE] system 1248 00:54:02,370 --> 00:54:06,810 that operates on streets as a normal bus would but then 1249 00:54:06,810 --> 00:54:11,280 enters a corridor where it's fully dedicated to the bus 1250 00:54:11,280 --> 00:54:12,090 system. 1251 00:54:12,090 --> 00:54:14,340 So it's operating in both manners. 1252 00:54:14,340 --> 00:54:14,960 Yeah? 1253 00:54:14,960 --> 00:54:29,650 AUDIENCE: Why [INAUDIBLE] I think [INAUDIBLE] 1254 00:54:29,650 --> 00:54:31,650 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: I'm not sure I follow. 1255 00:54:31,650 --> 00:54:33,100 I can't hear you very well. 1256 00:54:33,100 --> 00:54:33,600 But-- 1257 00:54:33,600 --> 00:54:35,320 AUDIENCE: Oh, sorry. 1258 00:54:35,320 --> 00:54:36,778 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: If you're 1259 00:54:36,778 --> 00:54:38,746 asking about why not run diesel in the tunnel? 1260 00:54:38,746 --> 00:54:39,495 It's for exhausts. 1261 00:54:39,495 --> 00:54:40,700 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 1262 00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:43,480 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, so there might be regulations. 1263 00:54:43,480 --> 00:54:46,030 You don't want diesel exhaust in the tunnels. 1264 00:54:46,030 --> 00:54:49,180 So it's for health reasons. 1265 00:54:49,180 --> 00:54:51,250 A lot of the newer buses, like hybrid buses 1266 00:54:51,250 --> 00:54:53,590 that are diesel electric, because obviously 1267 00:54:53,590 --> 00:54:55,880 if you've got a fully electric bus, there's no issue. 1268 00:54:55,880 --> 00:54:59,446 If you've got a diesel electric, some of them have a [INAUDIBLE] 1269 00:54:59,446 --> 00:55:01,510 If you're entering the tunnel you can 1270 00:55:01,510 --> 00:55:04,300 tell it to only use electric. 1271 00:55:04,300 --> 00:55:06,100 And it's [INAUDIBLE] slower it will. 1272 00:55:06,100 --> 00:55:09,530 But it'll run only on electric. 1273 00:55:09,530 --> 00:55:12,910 And then get-- you turn that off when you exit the station 1274 00:55:12,910 --> 00:55:16,650 to keep generating electricity. 1275 00:55:16,650 --> 00:55:17,580 Questions on these? 1276 00:55:21,700 --> 00:55:22,243 OK. 1277 00:55:22,243 --> 00:55:23,540 Rail versus bus. 1278 00:55:23,540 --> 00:55:27,610 So rail has higher capacity. 1279 00:55:27,610 --> 00:55:29,470 Bus has a lower capital costs. 1280 00:55:29,470 --> 00:55:34,549 It's cheaper to buy a bus than to buy a rail or to build rail. 1281 00:55:34,549 --> 00:55:37,090 Buses, you buy the vehicle and the streets are already there. 1282 00:55:37,090 --> 00:55:40,570 So you're not having to build stations. 1283 00:55:40,570 --> 00:55:42,670 The unit operating costs are lower for rail. 1284 00:55:42,670 --> 00:55:45,610 So if you look at the average, and we'll 1285 00:55:45,610 --> 00:55:49,540 look at some of these costs, unit cost by say, by trip, 1286 00:55:49,540 --> 00:55:50,950 by passenger trip. 1287 00:55:50,950 --> 00:55:54,970 Because so many people ride rail, it's cheaper per ride 1288 00:55:54,970 --> 00:55:58,780 to provide rail than to provide bus. 1289 00:55:58,780 --> 00:56:02,870 Bus, however, can cover a wider network 1290 00:56:02,870 --> 00:56:05,050 because it's more flexible. 1291 00:56:05,050 --> 00:56:06,940 Rail tends to better service quality. 1292 00:56:06,940 --> 00:56:08,410 Because it doesn't have traffic. 1293 00:56:08,410 --> 00:56:10,300 And it has a dedicated right of way. 1294 00:56:13,400 --> 00:56:14,510 So, yeah. 1295 00:56:14,510 --> 00:56:16,790 And it has a stronger land-use influence. 1296 00:56:16,790 --> 00:56:18,790 Because the stations are in map. 1297 00:56:18,790 --> 00:56:21,620 And you sort of know the rail map of the city 1298 00:56:21,620 --> 00:56:25,710 much faster than you learn about its bus network. 1299 00:56:25,710 --> 00:56:29,420 So there's a bias that people have towards taking rail 1300 00:56:29,420 --> 00:56:32,030 over taking bus, even if rationally taking a bus 1301 00:56:32,030 --> 00:56:32,960 would be faster. 1302 00:56:32,960 --> 00:56:37,960 You may not even be aware of all of your bus options. 1303 00:56:37,960 --> 00:56:40,160 And fewer negative externalities. 1304 00:56:40,160 --> 00:56:43,120 That's because electricity that powers these is often 1305 00:56:43,120 --> 00:56:45,650 generated outside of the city and brought in. 1306 00:56:45,650 --> 00:56:50,410 So the air pollution cost by the consumption of electricity 1307 00:56:50,410 --> 00:56:52,270 for rail is not-- 1308 00:56:52,270 --> 00:56:56,930 is not an externality that is internalized in the city often, 1309 00:56:56,930 --> 00:56:58,780 if that makes sense. 1310 00:56:58,780 --> 00:57:00,160 So, right. 1311 00:57:00,160 --> 00:57:03,170 So bus is much more flexible. 1312 00:57:03,170 --> 00:57:06,680 And you can operate it on any road [INAUDIBLE] 1313 00:57:06,680 --> 00:57:11,100 or on a guided right-of-way or a designated right-of-way. 1314 00:57:11,100 --> 00:57:13,570 And it's more prone to being used 1315 00:57:13,570 --> 00:57:15,830 in [INAUDIBLE] mode nature, right? 1316 00:57:15,830 --> 00:57:18,540 So just the flexibility. 1317 00:57:18,540 --> 00:57:20,790 Let's look at the-- 1318 00:57:20,790 --> 00:57:25,400 going back to the APTA Fact Book of 2011. 1319 00:57:25,400 --> 00:57:26,927 And these are numbers for 2011. 1320 00:57:26,927 --> 00:57:29,010 Because they always do these reports for two years 1321 00:57:29,010 --> 00:57:32,130 before the report comes out. 1322 00:57:32,130 --> 00:57:36,100 So how much was spent in bus service in the US? 1323 00:57:36,100 --> 00:57:41,910 So 18, this is in millions, so 18,000 million, 1324 00:57:41,910 --> 00:57:46,890 actually billion heavy rails less and light rail even less. 1325 00:57:46,890 --> 00:57:49,200 And then commuter rail is more expensive. 1326 00:57:49,200 --> 00:57:53,670 Paratransit is a form of transit that is 1327 00:57:53,670 --> 00:57:56,280 provided to handicapped people. 1328 00:57:56,280 --> 00:57:58,650 And it's-- you reserve it. 1329 00:57:58,650 --> 00:58:01,020 You say, I need to be picked up here and taken there. 1330 00:58:01,020 --> 00:58:04,350 And you get a window, maybe a three-hour window, 1331 00:58:04,350 --> 00:58:05,880 so it'll schedule a pickup and take 1332 00:58:05,880 --> 00:58:09,880 you to provide service for you. 1333 00:58:09,880 --> 00:58:14,060 So, because it's so dedicated, it's expensive to run. 1334 00:58:14,060 --> 00:58:17,970 OK, in terms of-- that's in terms of operating expenses. 1335 00:58:17,970 --> 00:58:21,470 How many trips are served? 1336 00:58:21,470 --> 00:58:23,620 So bus also provides more than heavy rail, 1337 00:58:23,620 --> 00:58:26,410 because there are more bus systems all over the US. 1338 00:58:26,410 --> 00:58:29,410 Heavy rail, but you can see if you compare the operating 1339 00:58:29,410 --> 00:58:33,130 expenses with annual unlinked passenger trips 1340 00:58:33,130 --> 00:58:36,680 that it's more efficient per passenger, right? 1341 00:58:36,680 --> 00:58:39,620 And then light rail and commuter rail and paratransit 1342 00:58:39,620 --> 00:58:42,920 are much smaller contributors to this. 1343 00:58:42,920 --> 00:58:46,490 Let's go down to these pale yellow ones. 1344 00:58:46,490 --> 00:58:48,770 Here we are dividing operating expense 1345 00:58:48,770 --> 00:58:51,560 by revenue vehicle hour or revenue vehicle 1346 00:58:51,560 --> 00:58:53,670 mile on length of trip. 1347 00:58:53,670 --> 00:58:55,820 So we got some unit costs, right? 1348 00:58:55,820 --> 00:59:04,820 So you see the unit costs for bus, $3.40 per bus ride. 1349 00:59:04,820 --> 00:59:07,680 For heavy rail $1.80. 1350 00:59:07,680 --> 00:59:09,420 For light rail $3. 1351 00:59:09,420 --> 00:59:10,740 For commuter rail $10. 1352 00:59:10,740 --> 00:59:12,630 And for paratransit $26. 1353 00:59:12,630 --> 00:59:15,690 So this is how much it costs to run that service when 1354 00:59:15,690 --> 00:59:18,140 you divide it by the number of people taking it. 1355 00:59:18,140 --> 00:59:19,380 Questions? 1356 00:59:19,380 --> 00:59:20,880 AUDIENCE: So like in London, the bus 1357 00:59:20,880 --> 00:59:22,450 is like half the price of the Tube? 1358 00:59:22,450 --> 00:59:26,430 For example, at least, most of the time so 1359 00:59:26,430 --> 00:59:28,939 would that imply that either the buses in London 1360 00:59:28,939 --> 00:59:30,480 are probably a lot cheaper than these 1361 00:59:30,480 --> 00:59:32,250 or that they're subsidizing the bus 1362 00:59:32,250 --> 00:59:35,210 trips because the less affluent people tend to take 1363 00:59:35,210 --> 00:59:38,045 the bus versus the Tube? 1364 00:59:38,045 --> 00:59:39,795 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: More the latter. 1365 00:59:39,795 --> 00:59:40,190 AUDIENCE: That take the bus? 1366 00:59:40,190 --> 00:59:41,180 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 1367 00:59:41,180 --> 00:59:41,660 So, yeah. 1368 00:59:41,660 --> 00:59:43,100 AUDIENCE: So buses tend to be more. 1369 00:59:43,100 --> 00:59:43,850 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: I mean, it's 1370 00:59:43,850 --> 00:59:45,320 cheaper to run one bus. 1371 00:59:45,320 --> 00:59:48,050 But if you look at how many people can ride a bus 1372 00:59:48,050 --> 00:59:51,080 and how many people can ride a train, yeah. 1373 00:59:51,080 --> 00:59:57,450 The Tube unit cost basis is-- 1374 00:59:57,450 --> 00:59:59,050 yeah, it's more efficient. 1375 00:59:59,050 --> 01:00:02,760 The other thing is that you put Metro service in places 1376 01:00:02,760 --> 01:00:04,120 where there is high demand. 1377 01:00:04,120 --> 01:00:06,720 So it's somewhat cyclical, right? 1378 01:00:06,720 --> 01:00:11,070 Bus service, you might have a mandate to cover a big area. 1379 01:00:11,070 --> 01:00:14,610 So some of the bus corridors might be operating on profit. 1380 01:00:14,610 --> 01:00:16,350 And some of them might be, you're 1381 01:00:16,350 --> 01:00:19,440 doing it because you have a mandate to provide service. 1382 01:00:19,440 --> 01:00:25,230 And it's running-- it's underutilized and the price 1383 01:00:25,230 --> 01:00:30,390 that your cost per rider might be much higher. 1384 01:00:30,390 --> 01:00:32,380 AUDIENCE: These are all operating costs 1385 01:00:32,380 --> 01:00:34,202 to just to keep it running-- 1386 01:00:34,202 --> 01:00:35,660 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yes, yes. 1387 01:00:35,660 --> 01:00:36,310 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1388 01:00:36,310 --> 01:00:38,101 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: No capital costs. 1389 01:00:38,101 --> 01:00:39,740 And we're not talking about fares here. 1390 01:00:39,740 --> 01:00:42,067 So this is how much it costs to pay the driver, 1391 01:00:42,067 --> 01:00:43,150 the fuel, the maintenance. 1392 01:00:43,150 --> 01:00:45,470 Yeah. 1393 01:00:45,470 --> 01:00:46,040 OK. 1394 01:00:46,040 --> 01:00:48,590 Let's look at mean passenger load. 1395 01:00:48,590 --> 01:00:49,880 I think this is interesting. 1396 01:00:49,880 --> 01:00:53,360 So 10.7 for bus. 1397 01:00:53,360 --> 01:00:58,000 So if you look at if you take a bus in the US at random, 1398 01:00:58,000 --> 01:01:02,340 the average number of people in it will be 11 people. 1399 01:01:02,340 --> 01:01:03,530 Does that make sense? 1400 01:01:03,530 --> 01:01:05,250 Is that your experience? 1401 01:01:05,250 --> 01:01:07,390 Seems a little low. 1402 01:01:07,390 --> 01:01:09,690 So one way of thinking about it-- 1403 01:01:09,690 --> 01:01:11,610 maybe I can clear the board a little bit here. 1404 01:01:11,610 --> 01:01:16,050 I'm sorry it's very-- 1405 01:01:16,050 --> 01:01:16,809 yeah. 1406 01:01:16,809 --> 01:01:17,642 they're all used up. 1407 01:01:29,700 --> 01:01:33,040 One way of thinking about it is let's think of the AM peak. 1408 01:01:33,040 --> 01:01:36,320 So, and let's just keep it very simple. 1409 01:01:36,320 --> 01:01:40,100 So you have service going this way 1410 01:01:40,100 --> 01:01:41,850 from one terminal to the other. 1411 01:01:41,850 --> 01:01:48,340 Let's say and A and B and service going back, right? 1412 01:01:48,340 --> 01:01:50,360 And because this is the AM peak and this 1413 01:01:50,360 --> 01:01:55,360 is the central business district, 1414 01:01:55,360 --> 01:01:57,060 let's say that everybody's going in. 1415 01:01:57,060 --> 01:01:58,390 Nobody's coming out. 1416 01:01:58,390 --> 01:02:00,100 So you have a lot of people boarding 1417 01:02:00,100 --> 01:02:04,140 the bus closer to the city. 1418 01:02:04,140 --> 01:02:09,720 Well, yeah, let's do it the other way more realistically. 1419 01:02:09,720 --> 01:02:11,070 People are boarding the bus. 1420 01:02:11,070 --> 01:02:17,870 And as they get to the CBD, they alight. 1421 01:02:17,870 --> 01:02:20,230 They get off at the city center, right? 1422 01:02:20,230 --> 01:02:29,090 So let's say that a bus-- 1423 01:02:29,090 --> 01:02:30,697 this bus fits 45 people. 1424 01:02:33,680 --> 01:02:35,810 So that's the people right there. 1425 01:02:35,810 --> 01:02:38,540 So what's the average in that direction? 1426 01:02:38,540 --> 01:02:41,800 It's half of 45, right? 1427 01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:45,490 And then if you divide 45 by half and then 1428 01:02:45,490 --> 01:02:47,560 by half, because there's only one direction 1429 01:02:47,560 --> 01:02:51,000 providing service, you have 45 by four. 1430 01:02:51,000 --> 01:02:52,620 Right, 45 by four is 11. 1431 01:02:52,620 --> 01:02:55,460 So there you go. 1432 01:02:59,474 --> 01:03:01,390 Just making sense of it, right, a quick check. 1433 01:03:01,390 --> 01:03:02,705 AUDIENCE: There is another piece that a lot of us 1434 01:03:02,705 --> 01:03:05,080 have taken buses in Boston, others in San Francisco where 1435 01:03:05,080 --> 01:03:07,590 there are a lot of people who take the bus [INAUDIBLE] 1436 01:03:07,590 --> 01:03:08,330 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 1437 01:03:08,330 --> 01:03:08,720 Yeah. 1438 01:03:08,720 --> 01:03:09,290 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1439 01:03:09,290 --> 01:03:09,730 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 1440 01:03:09,730 --> 01:03:12,070 And there is some of that in some of these other modes. 1441 01:03:12,070 --> 01:03:15,140 So heavy rail. 1442 01:03:15,140 --> 01:03:17,030 For [INAUDIBLE] reasons, 25. 1443 01:03:17,030 --> 01:03:19,037 This is per car not per train so-- 1444 01:03:19,037 --> 01:03:20,120 AUDIENCE: Oh, [INAUDIBLE]. 1445 01:03:20,120 --> 01:03:22,240 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: OK. 1446 01:03:22,240 --> 01:03:25,810 Light rail also by car, although may 1447 01:03:25,810 --> 01:03:28,990 light rail systems or single car or two car, so-- 1448 01:03:28,990 --> 01:03:36,980 I think commuter rail is higher, 35.3 [INAUDIBLE] two things. 1449 01:03:36,980 --> 01:03:40,530 One is that your mostly operating on the peak power. 1450 01:03:40,530 --> 01:03:42,690 So you're not providing much service off peak. 1451 01:03:42,690 --> 01:03:46,210 Therefore, there's this higher demand there. 1452 01:03:46,210 --> 01:03:51,130 The other thing is that it [INAUDIBLE] right? 1453 01:03:51,130 --> 01:03:53,780 So these cars are bigger. 1454 01:03:53,780 --> 01:03:56,690 They have two decks sometimes, and they fit more people. 1455 01:03:56,690 --> 01:04:01,651 So that's why you have higher mean passenger load. 1456 01:04:01,651 --> 01:04:02,150 OK. 1457 01:04:02,150 --> 01:04:04,895 So just looking at some sort of averages nationwide 1458 01:04:04,895 --> 01:04:07,410 and make some sense of them. 1459 01:04:07,410 --> 01:04:13,860 Riderships by mode and [INAUDIBLE] 1460 01:04:13,860 --> 01:04:19,390 start with heavy [INAUDIBLE] systems from two classes ago 1461 01:04:19,390 --> 01:04:22,660 we saw that the oldest systems are the first ones to be built. 1462 01:04:22,660 --> 01:04:24,790 And they're in cities that depends a lot on transit 1463 01:04:24,790 --> 01:04:26,470 and use a lot of transit. 1464 01:04:26,470 --> 01:04:30,940 So these five older systems, this was the ridership in 2009. 1465 01:04:30,940 --> 01:04:34,390 If you look at seven newer systems built after that, 1466 01:04:34,390 --> 01:04:36,940 that's the combined rider, much lower, right? 1467 01:04:36,940 --> 01:04:41,350 So you see the older systems are carrying a lot more people. 1468 01:04:41,350 --> 01:04:45,550 And if you look at the change from '74 to 2009, 1469 01:04:45,550 --> 01:04:50,620 [INAUDIBLE] the old [INAUDIBLE] grew 63% and [INAUDIBLE] 1470 01:04:50,620 --> 01:04:52,820 With light rail, you have-- 1471 01:04:52,820 --> 01:04:58,435 you start with seven old systems, 188 million. 1472 01:04:58,435 --> 01:05:00,760 It grew by 26%. 1473 01:05:00,760 --> 01:05:02,530 A lot of newer systems, do you see 1474 01:05:02,530 --> 01:05:06,602 that, there are much more newer light rail systems so there 1475 01:05:06,602 --> 01:05:10,640 are newer heavy rail systems. 1476 01:05:10,640 --> 01:05:13,730 Commuter rail, four old, 12 new, same idea. 1477 01:05:13,730 --> 01:05:19,580 The older systems grew by 36%, 12 new systems 1478 01:05:19,580 --> 01:05:23,820 carried much less than the four old systems though. 1479 01:05:23,820 --> 01:05:25,190 And here's four bus. 1480 01:05:25,190 --> 01:05:28,820 We had 5-- 1481 01:05:28,820 --> 01:05:30,285 5.4 billion. 1482 01:05:30,285 --> 01:05:32,030 It grew 10%. 1483 01:05:32,030 --> 01:05:34,700 So that's just giving you an idea 1484 01:05:34,700 --> 01:05:37,490 of how heavily the [INAUDIBLE] systems are being used. 1485 01:05:37,490 --> 01:05:41,480 If you look at what has happened from 1999 to 2009, 1486 01:05:41,480 --> 01:05:46,680 so one decade, the number of active vehicles 10%. 1487 01:05:46,680 --> 01:05:50,450 So the investments, the supply in heavy rail 1488 01:05:50,450 --> 01:05:53,570 grew by 10%, though the demand [INAUDIBLE] 1489 01:05:53,570 --> 01:05:56,570 case supply measured in another way, revenue vehicle 1490 01:05:56,570 --> 01:05:59,720 miles operated, 20%, or 19%. 1491 01:05:59,720 --> 01:06:03,320 For light rail, we see that many more vehicles are being 1492 01:06:03,320 --> 01:06:06,860 [INAUDIBLE] and much more revenue models 1493 01:06:06,860 --> 01:06:07,700 are being operated. 1494 01:06:07,700 --> 01:06:13,020 So again, more investments in light rail than in heavy rail. 1495 01:06:13,020 --> 01:06:15,630 And, yeah, commuter rail is somewhere in between. 1496 01:06:15,630 --> 01:06:18,220 For bus it's much less. 1497 01:06:18,220 --> 01:06:21,890 It looks like there is a higher level 1498 01:06:21,890 --> 01:06:25,190 of [INAUDIBLE] in light rail systems than in other modes. 1499 01:06:27,866 --> 01:06:31,130 OK, and service trends by mode. 1500 01:06:31,130 --> 01:06:37,800 So we have here boardings per revenue vehicle mile. 1501 01:06:37,800 --> 01:06:42,260 So this is a way of measuring how much supply. 1502 01:06:42,260 --> 01:06:47,510 In 2009 this how much 5.2 for heavy rail and light rail. 1503 01:06:47,510 --> 01:06:50,360 Heavy rail grew by 16%. 1504 01:06:50,360 --> 01:06:53,870 Light rail decreased by 15%. 1505 01:06:53,870 --> 01:06:56,510 Again, more investment in light rail but more 1506 01:06:56,510 --> 01:06:59,690 of the growth happening in heavy rail. 1507 01:06:59,690 --> 01:07:01,530 Commuter rail same thing. 1508 01:07:01,530 --> 01:07:04,520 Some of this could be people, more people 1509 01:07:04,520 --> 01:07:08,720 moving towards cities and not requiring commuter rail 1510 01:07:08,720 --> 01:07:12,050 or suburbanization, people living in the suburbs 1511 01:07:12,050 --> 01:07:13,760 and working in the suburbs for not 1512 01:07:13,760 --> 01:07:16,760 having to take commuter rail. 1513 01:07:16,760 --> 01:07:21,170 For loads, we see, again, loads increasing in heavy rail, 1514 01:07:21,170 --> 01:07:25,670 decreasing somewhat or staying flat in other [INAUDIBLE].. 1515 01:07:25,670 --> 01:07:28,024 So these are general trends. 1516 01:07:28,024 --> 01:07:30,290 OK. 1517 01:07:30,290 --> 01:07:33,380 [INAUDIBLE] do you have any questions on these modes 1518 01:07:33,380 --> 01:07:38,910 and their characteristics and the role they play in-- 1519 01:07:38,910 --> 01:07:39,540 yes? 1520 01:07:39,540 --> 01:07:40,540 AUDIENCE: Two questions. 1521 01:07:40,540 --> 01:07:43,700 First of all, what exactly [INAUDIBLE] and second of all 1522 01:07:43,700 --> 01:07:46,470 can you talk about why light rail is [INAUDIBLE] being 1523 01:07:46,470 --> 01:07:49,372 so much more operated on than [INAUDIBLE] why those changed. 1524 01:07:49,372 --> 01:07:50,580 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: OK. 1525 01:07:50,580 --> 01:07:53,729 So revenue vehicle miles. 1526 01:07:53,729 --> 01:07:55,020 Let's start with the first one. 1527 01:07:55,020 --> 01:07:56,390 What is revenue vehicle mile? 1528 01:07:56,390 --> 01:08:01,580 It's a measure of the distance, total distance covered 1529 01:08:01,580 --> 01:08:05,270 by a vehicle that is serving trips. 1530 01:08:05,270 --> 01:08:09,950 So it excludes that heads from garages 1531 01:08:09,950 --> 01:08:13,580 to the beginning of our route or any other vehicle 1532 01:08:13,580 --> 01:08:16,130 movement where the vehicle is not serving people. 1533 01:08:16,130 --> 01:08:19,160 It's not-- this doesn't have its head sign on and-- 1534 01:08:19,160 --> 01:08:20,720 if it's a bust, right? 1535 01:08:20,720 --> 01:08:23,910 So that answered the first question. 1536 01:08:23,910 --> 01:08:28,189 And the second one was, why is there-- 1537 01:08:28,189 --> 01:08:30,859 why does there seem to be investment in light rail 1538 01:08:30,859 --> 01:08:36,890 when it seems like the ridership is decreasing 1539 01:08:36,890 --> 01:08:40,220 and the amount of revenue vehicle miles 1540 01:08:40,220 --> 01:08:41,760 are going down as well? 1541 01:08:41,760 --> 01:08:50,470 So, this is more of a planning and politics question, I think, 1542 01:08:50,470 --> 01:08:52,600 cities and urban planners. 1543 01:08:52,600 --> 01:08:56,050 Because light-- because rail has more power 1544 01:08:56,050 --> 01:08:57,939 to change the urban landscape. 1545 01:08:57,939 --> 01:09:01,140 Because in people's minds, it is more-- 1546 01:09:01,140 --> 01:09:04,410 it's more physically present and permanent. 1547 01:09:04,410 --> 01:09:09,149 There is a preference towards rail systems over bus systems. 1548 01:09:09,149 --> 01:09:14,410 Metro is appropriate for very large cities 1549 01:09:14,410 --> 01:09:16,240 that a lot of them-- 1550 01:09:16,240 --> 01:09:18,100 a lot of those cities that require Metro 1551 01:09:18,100 --> 01:09:19,479 already have Metro. 1552 01:09:19,479 --> 01:09:21,550 So what we're seeing is that there 1553 01:09:21,550 --> 01:09:24,130 is a lot of cities that are maybe not 1554 01:09:24,130 --> 01:09:25,510 as big to require Metro. 1555 01:09:25,510 --> 01:09:27,640 But they could use a light rail system. 1556 01:09:27,640 --> 01:09:28,870 They could also use BRT. 1557 01:09:28,870 --> 01:09:32,750 But they have a bias towards light rail in planning 1558 01:09:32,750 --> 01:09:35,050 and for political reasons. 1559 01:09:35,050 --> 01:09:37,240 A politician might prefer to claim, 1560 01:09:37,240 --> 01:09:41,300 I built this train system, not I put some buses on the road, 1561 01:09:41,300 --> 01:09:41,800 right? 1562 01:09:41,800 --> 01:09:48,920 So these are real factors that influence the mode choice. 1563 01:09:48,920 --> 01:09:51,830 The other thing is that a lot of these newer systems, 1564 01:09:51,830 --> 01:09:53,660 because they are in smaller cities, 1565 01:09:53,660 --> 01:09:55,814 they bring the average down. 1566 01:09:55,814 --> 01:09:58,499 So-- 1567 01:09:58,499 --> 01:10:00,040 AUDIENCE: Yeah, [INAUDIBLE] even if I 1568 01:10:00,040 --> 01:10:03,330 could add on that [INAUDIBLE] the US you had new light rail 1569 01:10:03,330 --> 01:10:06,800 systems in Cincinnati, in Tucson, and Kansas City. 1570 01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:09,497 But even if-- but their increase in ridership, 1571 01:10:09,497 --> 01:10:11,330 so there, their contribution to the increase 1572 01:10:11,330 --> 01:10:13,700 in ridership of light rail might not even 1573 01:10:13,700 --> 01:10:16,760 compensate for loss of ridership in other cities 1574 01:10:16,760 --> 01:10:19,200 that have old systems like Philadelphia or Boston. 1575 01:10:19,200 --> 01:10:19,500 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Right. 1576 01:10:19,500 --> 01:10:21,499 AUDIENCE: And so if Philadelphia has a decrease, 1577 01:10:21,499 --> 01:10:23,340 I'm not saying it did, but if it did, 1578 01:10:23,340 --> 01:10:25,010 then it could wipe out the increase 1579 01:10:25,010 --> 01:10:26,270 that Cincinnati contributed. 1580 01:10:26,270 --> 01:10:27,520 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yep. 1581 01:10:27,520 --> 01:10:28,280 It goes both ways. 1582 01:10:28,280 --> 01:10:29,071 These are averages. 1583 01:10:29,071 --> 01:10:31,910 So-- any other questions? 1584 01:10:31,910 --> 01:10:32,790 Yes? 1585 01:10:32,790 --> 01:10:41,727 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] by local agency or like [INAUDIBLE] 1586 01:10:41,727 --> 01:10:43,310 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: It could be. 1587 01:10:43,310 --> 01:10:46,819 So the question is [INAUDIBLE] commuter rail referred to 1588 01:10:46,819 --> 01:10:47,860 in terms of the operator? 1589 01:10:47,860 --> 01:10:49,750 Who operates commuter rail and is 1590 01:10:49,750 --> 01:10:52,990 that one of the characteristics that-- but yeah. 1591 01:10:52,990 --> 01:10:54,280 I didn't include that here. 1592 01:10:54,280 --> 01:10:56,350 Because there are many different arrangements 1593 01:10:56,350 --> 01:10:58,810 for what commuter rail is and if it's 1594 01:10:58,810 --> 01:11:02,450 publicly operated or privately operated through a contract 1595 01:11:02,450 --> 01:11:05,525 through the public sector. 1596 01:11:05,525 --> 01:11:07,360 Yeah, there's all sorts of arrangements. 1597 01:11:07,360 --> 01:11:09,610 Sometimes there's a separate agency 1598 01:11:09,610 --> 01:11:12,190 that operates commuter rail. 1599 01:11:12,190 --> 01:11:15,490 And it's not the same agency that operates the inner city 1600 01:11:15,490 --> 01:11:16,840 bus and Metro. 1601 01:11:16,840 --> 01:11:17,340 So-- 1602 01:11:17,340 --> 01:11:22,572 AUDIENCE: You used the word [INAUDIBLE] 1603 01:11:22,572 --> 01:11:24,780 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: So commuter rail is usually 1604 01:11:24,780 --> 01:11:27,750 characterized by more service. 1605 01:11:27,750 --> 01:11:30,550 The purpose of commuter rail is to bring workers into the city. 1606 01:11:30,550 --> 01:11:31,050 Right? 1607 01:11:31,050 --> 01:11:37,110 So you have a service that is radial going into the city. 1608 01:11:37,110 --> 01:11:38,910 The frequency of service is higher 1609 01:11:38,910 --> 01:11:42,290 in the AM peak and the PM peak, lower off peak. 1610 01:11:42,290 --> 01:11:44,910 Whereas intercity is more of a scheduled-- 1611 01:11:44,910 --> 01:11:47,520 intercity rail is more like airplanes and the airline 1612 01:11:47,520 --> 01:11:50,490 industry where you have a schedule and trains leave 1613 01:11:50,490 --> 01:11:52,380 every hour or every two hours. 1614 01:11:52,380 --> 01:11:53,790 And you book in advance. 1615 01:11:53,790 --> 01:11:55,770 And right? 1616 01:11:55,770 --> 01:12:00,023 So slightly different characteristics. 1617 01:12:00,023 --> 01:12:00,522 [INAUDIBLE]? 1618 01:12:00,522 --> 01:12:02,800 AUDIENCE: I had a couple of questions. 1619 01:12:02,800 --> 01:12:05,491 Well, I guess the first one is if you 1620 01:12:05,491 --> 01:12:07,740 go to pretty much any airport and they have an airport 1621 01:12:07,740 --> 01:12:10,161 transit system, they have automated-- it's automated 1622 01:12:10,161 --> 01:12:12,310 as platform screen doors and all the like, 1623 01:12:12,310 --> 01:12:15,390 and we've been building those in the US since the '70s, 1624 01:12:15,390 --> 01:12:18,060 why are there-- why is that never put forth 1625 01:12:18,060 --> 01:12:20,600 except for a couple of occasions in, I guess, Vancouver 1626 01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:23,170 and a couple of very small systems? 1627 01:12:23,170 --> 01:12:24,530 That's the second part of it. 1628 01:12:24,530 --> 01:12:26,514 So is there any good reason for that? 1629 01:12:26,514 --> 01:12:27,930 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: My guess 1630 01:12:27,930 --> 01:12:30,240 is that you have more space in airports. 1631 01:12:30,240 --> 01:12:31,260 And it's less political. 1632 01:12:31,260 --> 01:12:35,700 You have the stakeholders of the airport, 1633 01:12:35,700 --> 01:12:37,740 the airport has funding streams to-- 1634 01:12:37,740 --> 01:12:40,110 for capital projects. 1635 01:12:40,110 --> 01:12:40,980 You have the space. 1636 01:12:40,980 --> 01:12:47,430 The airline has to use eminent domain to build any system, 1637 01:12:47,430 --> 01:12:48,930 if that's what you're talking about. 1638 01:12:48,930 --> 01:12:52,260 If you're talking about building a new system. 1639 01:12:52,260 --> 01:12:54,060 In terms of retrofitting an old system, 1640 01:12:54,060 --> 01:12:55,890 well, that's harder than building a new one 1641 01:12:55,890 --> 01:12:56,973 from the beginning, right? 1642 01:12:56,973 --> 01:13:00,215 So the investment required to-- 1643 01:13:00,215 --> 01:13:02,922 the station shutdowns and all the headaches 1644 01:13:02,922 --> 01:13:05,380 that you have to deal with if you're retrofitting a system, 1645 01:13:05,380 --> 01:13:09,470 putting in a new signal linked system, all these things, 1646 01:13:09,470 --> 01:13:11,160 you might require a new fleet that is 1647 01:13:11,160 --> 01:13:13,080 capable of operating this way. 1648 01:13:13,080 --> 01:13:14,040 So it's a heavy lift-- 1649 01:13:14,040 --> 01:13:15,120 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 1650 01:13:15,120 --> 01:13:18,150 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: --to do the retrofitting. 1651 01:13:18,150 --> 01:13:19,500 But it's being done. 1652 01:13:19,500 --> 01:13:21,770 If you look at London, London's been doing it. 1653 01:13:21,770 --> 01:13:23,910 They're-- yeah, the Jubilee Line, 1654 01:13:23,910 --> 01:13:27,450 which is the color silver in the map of London, 1655 01:13:27,450 --> 01:13:28,966 is operating with-- 1656 01:13:28,966 --> 01:13:29,840 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1657 01:13:29,840 --> 01:13:30,720 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: --with-- but from screen doors 1658 01:13:30,720 --> 01:13:31,590 in the center at least. 1659 01:13:31,590 --> 01:13:31,770 And-- 1660 01:13:31,770 --> 01:13:33,460 AUDIENCE: Also the full DLR system in London. 1661 01:13:33,460 --> 01:13:33,680 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 1662 01:13:33,680 --> 01:13:34,110 AUDIENCE: Yeah. 1663 01:13:34,110 --> 01:13:35,120 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, yeah. 1664 01:13:35,120 --> 01:13:37,841 And that's-- it's funny, because that's Docklands Light Railway, 1665 01:13:37,841 --> 01:13:38,340 right? 1666 01:13:38,340 --> 01:13:39,180 L is for light. 1667 01:13:39,180 --> 01:13:41,660 But it's Metro according to what we covered today. 1668 01:13:41,660 --> 01:13:44,470 It's heavy rail. 1669 01:13:44,470 --> 01:13:46,640 AUDIENCE: And then the second question was, 1670 01:13:46,640 --> 01:13:48,940 if you look at something like cross-linked or RER 1671 01:13:48,940 --> 01:13:51,795 or something that's [INAUDIBLE] which is your sort of hybrid 1672 01:13:51,795 --> 01:13:54,690 commuter rail but then operate on transit very high 1673 01:13:54,690 --> 01:13:55,190 frequency-- 1674 01:13:55,190 --> 01:13:56,481 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 1675 01:13:56,481 --> 01:13:58,030 AUDIENCE: Perfect questions. 1676 01:13:58,030 --> 01:13:59,321 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 1677 01:13:59,321 --> 01:14:01,120 So again, we talked about stereotypes 1678 01:14:01,120 --> 01:14:02,790 and the lines are blurry. 1679 01:14:02,790 --> 01:14:06,020 And I think it's useful to-- 1680 01:14:06,020 --> 01:14:08,810 the point of this is not to really categorize everything 1681 01:14:08,810 --> 01:14:10,820 and be able to claim this is a heavy rail. 1682 01:14:10,820 --> 01:14:11,740 This is a light rail. 1683 01:14:11,740 --> 01:14:14,060 It's more as just a framework to think about 1684 01:14:14,060 --> 01:14:16,670 if you're a planner, or a consultant, 1685 01:14:16,670 --> 01:14:21,170 and you're in charge of deciding or helping your city 1686 01:14:21,170 --> 01:14:24,959 decide what mode to use for some project, 1687 01:14:24,959 --> 01:14:26,750 here are the things you should think about. 1688 01:14:26,750 --> 01:14:29,030 Here are the key decisions that you have to make, 1689 01:14:29,030 --> 01:14:32,170 station spacing, capacity, what are you dealing with? 1690 01:14:32,170 --> 01:14:36,500 So in that sense, this context is-- this framework is useful. 1691 01:14:36,500 --> 01:14:37,640 But I wouldn't go-- 1692 01:14:37,640 --> 01:14:41,240 I wouldn't use it to necessarily classify everything 1693 01:14:41,240 --> 01:14:45,140 into one with one label. 1694 01:14:45,140 --> 01:14:46,100 Yeah? 1695 01:14:46,100 --> 01:14:47,891 AUDIENCE: So these trends that you've shown 1696 01:14:47,891 --> 01:14:49,932 are pretty much all [INAUDIBLE] the US systems? 1697 01:14:49,932 --> 01:14:52,140 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Well, we have many pictures 1698 01:14:52,140 --> 01:14:53,265 from internationally, yeah. 1699 01:14:53,265 --> 01:14:54,764 AUDIENCE: You touched on [INAUDIBLE] 1700 01:14:54,764 --> 01:14:57,059 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: There's Canada, Mumbai. 1701 01:14:57,059 --> 01:14:57,558 Right, so-- 1702 01:14:57,558 --> 01:14:58,490 AUDIENCE: [INAUDIBLE] 1703 01:14:58,490 --> 01:14:59,700 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: OK. 1704 01:14:59,700 --> 01:14:59,850 Yeah. 1705 01:14:59,850 --> 01:15:02,100 AUDIENCE: Yes, but the trends, though [INAUDIBLE] 1706 01:15:02,100 --> 01:15:03,430 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Oh, yes, yes. 1707 01:15:03,430 --> 01:15:04,190 AUDIENCE: Ridership. 1708 01:15:04,190 --> 01:15:04,990 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: That's right, yes. 1709 01:15:04,990 --> 01:15:06,430 AUDIENCE: That sort of stuff-- 1710 01:15:06,430 --> 01:15:06,910 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah. 1711 01:15:06,910 --> 01:15:09,260 AUDIENCE: --is not quite the same outside of the US? 1712 01:15:09,260 --> 01:15:10,718 GABRIEL SANCHEZ-MARTINEZ: Yeah, I'm 1713 01:15:10,718 --> 01:15:13,740 not as knowledgeable on the trends in Europe and Africa 1714 01:15:13,740 --> 01:15:18,600 and Asia, South America, though I'm 1715 01:15:18,600 --> 01:15:21,750 sure that other countries and the European Union 1716 01:15:21,750 --> 01:15:26,650 have something similar in terms of reporting. 1717 01:15:26,650 --> 01:15:30,270 So, yeah, I happen to know the Fact Book and the NTD 1718 01:15:30,270 --> 01:15:31,052 statistics. 1719 01:15:31,052 --> 01:15:32,010 I'm familiar with them. 1720 01:15:32,010 --> 01:15:36,229 So I can go and refresh them and look at the unit costs. ; 1721 01:15:36,229 --> 01:15:37,770 I'm sure you could do the same thing. 1722 01:15:37,770 --> 01:15:39,190 I just haven't done it. 1723 01:15:39,190 --> 01:15:43,043 It would be interesting to see how those trends have compared 1724 01:15:43,043 --> 01:15:43,989 [INAUDIBLE]. 1725 01:15:49,627 --> 01:15:52,210 All right, if there are no more questions, class is dismissed. 1726 01:15:52,210 --> 01:15:58,520 Please, meet with your teams and pick a day for data collection.